The most important factor in tooth decay and periodontal disease is the attachment of oral bacteria, especially streptococci, to different levels of the mouth and teeth. Therefore, by changing the microbial ecology in the mouth using probiotic producing bacteria, we can help prevent tooth decay and periodontal infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of probiotic producing Lactobacillus against several streptococci that cause tooth decay. Antimicrobial activity and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of probiotic lactobacilli was determined by disk diffusion method and standard broth microdilution, respectively. Antibiofilm activity was assayed by a microtiter-plate screening method. The five isolates of Lactobacillus strains with probiotic properties include Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus brevis were tested against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. Most of tested Lactobacillus strain at concentrations above 125 µg/mL showed antibacterial properties. Also, examination of the MICs showed that probiotic bacteria had greater effects on S. sanguinis. While, the tested probiotic bacteria did not show a significant antibiofilm effect. Our results suggest that lactobacilli with potential probiotic properties can be effective used for eliminating oral streptococcal colonization.
Ghrelin does an important role in neurological functions such as memory, learning, and cognition as well. There is some evidence that ghrelin can improve memory. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ghrelin on rat memory. A systematic search was conducted to identify papers published by Iranian authors in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar electronic databases from January 2010 to December 2019 with the PRISMA statement. Totally, 547 animals were listed in our systematic review. All of the animals were male Wistar rats with a mean weight of 250±280 g. The Morris Water Behavior behavioral test and the passive avoidance task were performed to evaluate memory. Truly, injection of ghrelin appears to enhance the compactness of the synapse dendritic spines in the hypothalamus. These findings indicate that ghrelin has a prospective role to recover learning and memory ability in animal models, suggesting it as a candidate therapy for memory.
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