Almost 30 years have passed since the term ‘tissue engineering’ was created to represent a new concept that focuses on the regeneration of neotissues from cells with the support of biomaterials and growth factors. This interdisciplinary engineering has attracted much attention as a new therapeutic means that may overcome the drawbacks involved in the current artificial organs and organ transplantation that have also been aiming at replacing lost or severely damaged tissues or organs. However, the tissues regenerated by tissue engineering and widely applied to patients are still minimal, including skin, bone, cartilage, capillary, and periodontal tissues. What are the reasons for such slow advances in clinical applications of tissue engineering? This article gives a brief overview of the current state of tissue engineering, covering the fundamentals and applications. The fundamentals of tissue engineering involve cell sources, scaffolds for cell expansion and differentiation, as well as carriers for growth factors. Animal and human trials are a major part of the applications. Based on these results, some critical problems to be resolved for the advances of tissue engineering are addressed from the engineering point of view, emphasizing the close collaboration between medical doctors and biomaterials scientists.
TABLE I. Cytogenetlc and Molecular Follow-Up Study of the Patient Date of sample Karyotype (no. of mitoses) Molecular analysis Diagnosis 3/84 46 XY t(9:22)(q34;ql1)(19) ND BMT 4/86 4/87 46,XY (63) ND 3/88 46.XY (16) ND 4/89 46,XY (46)46.XY 1(9;22)(q34;qI l)t(8:14)(p22;qlI)(l) ND 10189 46,XY (10) M-bcr rearrangement 5/90 46.XY (65) M-bcr rcarrangement 1/91 46,XY 1(9:22)(q34;qI 1).1(8;14)(p22;qI 1)(20) Failure excluded with the same degree of certitude, for lack of sufficient serum and erythrocyte samples. More traditional clues to this hypothesis were, however, lacking. Three years after BMT. bone marrow karyotype revealed one cell 46,XY t(9;22)t(8; 14). Cytogenetical and molecular follow-up is summarized in Table I. Following karyotype controls were normal, but molecular analysis revealed M-bcr rearrangement by PCR method. In January, 1991, the patient showed evidence of hematological relapse and bone marrow karyotype revealed 20 cells 46.XY t(9;22). t(8;14)(p22;qlI). He received rIFNa,, treatment, with achievement of an hematological response at time of this report. We concluded that paternity is possible few years after BMT in patients who received TBI. Therefore, assumption of probable sterility in male allogeneic bone mamw recipients should be made cautiously. Although this is only an anecdotal report, we confirmed, as have others 121, that the late reappearance of even a unique leukemic cell and/or M-bcr rearrangement may preclude CML relapse. The relationship between paternity and relapse is very speculative. Nevertheless, these two events may represent different aspects of an insufficient conditioning regimen. T. FACON REFERENCESI . Sanders JE. Buckner D, Leonard JM. Sullivan KM. Witherspoon RP. Deeg J. Storb R. Thomas ED: Late effects on gonaldal function of cyclophosphamide. total body irradiation, and marrow transplantation. Transplantation 36252, 1983. 2. Hughes TP. Morgan GJ, Martial P. Goldman JM: Detection of residual leukemia after bone marrow transplant for chronic myeloid leukemia: Role of polymerase chain reaction in predicting relapse. Blood 77:874. 1991.
Biomedical Wastes are defined as wastes that are generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biological [1]. Studies have shown that 85% of the waste generated in health care establishments is non-hazardous, about 10% is infectious Background: There is an increased global awareness among health professionals about the health hazards owing to biomedical waste (BMW) and appropriate management techniques, but the level of awareness in India is found to be unsatisfactory. Adequate knowledge about the health hazards of hospital waste, proper techniques and methods of handling the waste, and practice of safety measures can go a long way toward the safe disposal of hazardous hospital waste and protect the community from various adverse effects of the hazardous waste Objective: To find out the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding BMW management among the health-care workers (HCWs). Materials and Methods: This hospital-based, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in a 998-bedded multispeciality teaching hospital, in Delhi, from March 2 to April 10, 2013. The study consisted of 120 HCWs as participants, which included 30 doctors, 30 nurses, 30 laboratory staffs, and 30 sanitary staffs. A predesigned structured questionnaire consisting of 24 questions was administered to the participants after obtaining their consent and briefing them about the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods applying χ 2-test to the frequency tables as a test of significance. Result: Correct color coding for waste disposal was known to 84.2% of respondents, and awareness about transmission of important diseases such as HIV infection and hepatitis B through BMW was known to 66.7% of the participants. The practice of recapping of used needles, which is one of the important risk factors for needle-stick injuries was found among 25.8% of respondents and was the highest among the sanitary staffs (83.3%). Awareness about the practice of initiating accident reporting pro forma on contact with blood/body fluids of HIV-infected patients was found to be 77.5% overall and only 10% among the sanitary staffs. Similarly, the awareness about the practice of postexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection was found to be 71.7% overall and only 10% among the sanitary staffs, which could be owing to their poor literacy status. However, the attitude of all HCWs including the sanitary staffs toward BMW management was positive and favorable. Conclusion: Training of the sanitary staff on all aspects of BMW management will lead to a further improvement in BMW disposal in the hospital.
continuously on the increase. In India, although the percentage of aged persons to the total population is lower in comparison with the developed countries, the absolute size of population is considerable. [1] As per 2001 census, the population of senior citizens (age > 60 years) was 7.5% of total population.The projected population of senior citizens for future years is 9.3% by 2016, 10.7% by 2021, and 12.4% of the total population by 2026. [2] The elderly people are more vulnerable to various chronic noncommunicable and degenerative diseases, besides being prone to injuries and infections. There is, thus, an increasing need to plan for proper health promotion and health-care facilities for this group of people. For planning these activities, the most important information needed is the morbidity profile Abstract Background: Considering the increase in the population of elderly persons as a result of increase in the life expectancy owing to the advancements in the field of medical science, there is a need to provide better health-care facilities to the geriatric population.Objective: To analyze the morbidity profile of senior citizens reporting to the outreach clinics in the Rural Outreach Program of Santosh Hospital in nine villages in the outskirts of Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods:Each geriatric patient reporting to the outreach clinic, after having been seen by the concerned resident doctor, was subjected to a thorough screening to detect any other age-related problem affecting the person. The data were compiled and analyzed to study the morbidity profile of the geriatric population. Result:The maximum cases were of eye diseases, which included presbyopia (36.10%) and cataract (22.48%) cases mainly. This was followed by musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal tract diseases, and hypertension cases in that order. A lot of cases of hypertension, cataract, loss of hearing, and certain other diseases were detected for the first time during the screening in the outreach clinic. Conclusion:In order to improve the health of the elderly population, it is important to carry out more such studies and screening programs to identify the problems, as this can help the public health planners in planning health services and developing effective programs in disease prevention.
BACKGROUND:As part of the rural outreach programme and school health programme of Santosh Hospital, medical examination of school children, studying in Government Primary and Middle Schools of the nine villages where the outreach programme was in progress, was carried out. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to find out the morbidity profile, nutritional status and level of personal hygiene of the school children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A team of doctors examined all the students of the concerned schools on a fixed date. Health status was assessed by detailed clinical history and thorough check-up by resident doctors in Ophthalmology, ENT, Pediatrics and Dentistry. Level of personal hygiene was assessed by checking the cleanliness of clothes, hair, nails, face and freedom from any skin infections. Nutritional status was assessed by calculating Body Mass Index (BMI) and the weight status was then classified according to WHO BMI for AGE classification. The study was conducted between 04 August 2014 to 21 November 2014 and a total of 421 students were examined. RESULTS: Maximum (41.33%) children were found to have dental caries, followed by anemia in 11.64% students. Fever and upper respiratory tract infections were found in 9.5% children and defective vision in 3.09% students. Complaints of pain abdomen was given by 2.38% children and 2.85% of them gave history of worm infestation. A number of students were found to be suffering from skin infections like pyoderma (4.99%), scabies (3.09%) and fungal infections (2.61%). CONCLUSIONS:The government health department should regularly carry out school health check-up as well as health education sessions to educate the children, parents as well as school teachers on various preventive measures including improvement in nutritional status and personal hygiene.
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