Background: Breast carcinoma is the most fre¬quently diagnosed cancer and the chief cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide. Cancer registry data shows that incidence of carcinoma breast ranges from 19.3 to 89.7 per 100,000 population (India) and a total of 27.5% cases of cancers in Karnataka. The normal breast tissue is comprised of two major compartments, the epithelium and the stroma. Normally elastic tissue can be seen in periductal and perivascular region of breast. Elastosis, characterized by deposition of elastic fibers in the stroma of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was first described by Cheatle and Cutler, but extensively studied by Shivas & Douglas and others.Several methods for visual grading of elastosis have been proposed but all are semi quantitative and subjective and are dependent on the experience of the observed.Methods: Blocks of all 87 cases were retrieved from the histopathological section, department of Pathology of our institute. Data regarding the demographic details, clinical presentation of the cases are obtained from the medical record section of our medical record section of our college.The slides were stained with Verhoeff's van Gieson stain and were screened by two pathologists.Result: Out of 87 cases studied only 1 case showed elastin fibers score 0, 18 cases showed score 1, 46 cases showed score 2 and 22 cases showed score 3. There was statistical significant correlation between Tumor stage and amount of paratumoral elastin fibers. There was no statistical correlation between Tumor grade, Tumor size, Nodes, Nottingham prognostic index and Modified tsukba scoring and paratumoral elastosis. Out of 87 cases the ERIHC was done in only 23 cases out of which 10 cases showed positivity on Allred scoring and 13 cases were negative. For Progesterone receptors out of 23 cases 9 cases were positive on Allred scoring and 14 were negative and hence the correlation could not be done. The HER2neu was done in 23 cases out of 87 cases where the positivity was seen in 07 cases and it was equivocal in 03 cases and negative in 13 cases. Conclusion:Our results strongly indicate the presence of Peritumoral elastosis and the lower tumor grade. The paratumoral elastosis and lower tumor stage. Whether and how elastosis is mechanically involved in tumor development and progress requires further study.
Tuberculosis is an important public problem worldwide from 19th century. Manifestations of tuberculosis widely classified as pulmonary and extra pulmonary manifestations. Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis is a serious condition where patients most often present with seizure. Tuberculoma is one of the CNS manifestations of tuberculosis. The imaging feature of tuberculoma is ring enhancing lesions. Tuberculoma should be differentiated from other diseases with ring enhancing lesions like neurocysticercosis, coccidiomycosis, toxoplasmosis and malignancies.
Tuberculosis is a public health problem worldwide causing significant morbidity and mortality. Manifestations of tuberculo-sis are widely classified as pulmonary and extra pulmonary. Tuberculoma is one of the CNS manifestations, which on imag-ing shows ring enhancing lesions. Although intracranial tuberculomas are common, spinal tuberculomas are rare and consti-tute only 2% of CNS tuberculomas. We present a case of both intra-axial and spinal tuberculoma in the same patient. Keywords: Tuberculosis, CNS, Tuberculoma, Ring enhancing lesion, MRI
Objective: Elastography has the potential in differentiating benign from malignant masses. The objectives of the study were to evaluate morphology of the breast masses with routine ultrasonography and elastography, to assess the role of elastography and conventional B-mode ultrasonography in differentiating benign from malignant breast masses and to correlate elastography and B-mode ultrasonography results with pathologic findings. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 18 months from January 2018 to June 2019 on 86 patients with 101 clinically palpable breast lumps who underwent B-mode ultrasonography and elastography of the breast. Baseline data, sonographic features, a modified color score, and mean strain ratio were recorded and compared with final diagnosis. Results: Sonography showed a sensitivity of 89.8%; specificity of 96.15%; positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.65% and 90.91%, respectively; and overall diagnostic accuracy of 93.07%. New modified dual color score showed sensitivity of 97.8%, specificity of 87.0%, PPV of 86.79%, and NPV of 87.08% with a diagnostic accuracy of 92.08%. The risk of missing a malignant case with the new modified dual color score was 2.1%. Mean strain ratio showed sensitivity of 100%; specificity of 98.11%; PPV and NPV of 97.96% and 100%, respectively; and diagnostic accuracy of 99.01%. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the promise of elastography in identifying possible breast malignancies, thus preventing unnecessary invasive procedures.
Background and objectiveKnowledge about sphenoid sinus pneumatization is critical for skull base surgeries and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in order to avoid serious complications like postoperative meningitis, sinusitis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, and intracranial hematoma. In this study, we aimed to assess the proportion of anatomical variants in sphenoid sinus pneumatization and to determine the common sphenoid pneumatization pattern in a South Indian population. MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted over a period of six months from July 2019 to December 2019 among 573 patients who underwent non-contrast CT (NCCT) or contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) of the brain, paranasal sinuses (PNS), orbit, and face. ResultsMost of the patients were in the age group of 20-39 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.45:1. Among the posterior extensions, the most common variant was type D, followed by type C, type B, and type A. Among the clival extensions, the most common variant was Cliv-A, followed by Cliv-B, Cliv-C, and Cliv-D. The most common lateral wall pneumatization was bilateral lateral wall pneumatization followed by unilateral sinus wall pneumatization. Lat-A was the most common lateral wall pneumatization pattern followed by Lat-D, Lat-B, and Lat-C. ConclusionOur study intends to classify the sphenoid sinus pneumatization pattern and identify the most common variant among them, thereby guiding the skull base and FESS surgeons in choosing the correct mode of the operative procedure and also anticipating and avoiding complications of surgery.
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