Transit-time ultrasonic flow meters present some advantages over other flow meters for district heating industries. They are both accurate and non-intrusive. It is well-known that ultrasonic flow meters are sensitive to installation effects. Installation effects could be static or dynamic. Among the possible dynamic installation effects is pulsating flow. The influence of pulsating flow on the prediction and the zero-crossing operations is investigated. Expressions are found for the prediction error and the zero-crossing error. The relative errors due to the prediction and the zero-crossing are plotted. The prediction error can reach dramatic values while the zero-crossing operation is hardly influenced by flow pulsations.

Abstract-This paper describes how molecular relaxation can be measured using ultrasound. The velocity and absorption of sound varies with frequency due to molecular relaxation. By measuring these variation the relaxation strength and the effective relaxation time for singular relaxations can be calculated. This paper describes initial measurements performed in order to survey the sound properties in gases both experimentally and theoretically.

-The use of PSpice models for piezoelectric devices and ultrasonic transmission media is of major importance in the design of electronics for ultrasonic systems. Today, these models include viscoelastic loss but disregard loss due to diffraction, i.e. beam spreading. This paper presents a method to include diffraction loss in PSpice simulations of ultrasonic systems. The conductive loss in the transmission line, that models the propagation media of the ultrasound pulse, is used to model the loss due to diffraction. Parameter variations for the piezoelectric device can affect the result greatly. Thus, a sensitivity analysis for the simulation model is presented.Measurements and simulations have been performed using a pulse echo system in water. Maximum distance to the reflector was 200 mm. The piezoelectric devices used were PZ-27 crystals with diameters 6 mm and 12 mm, with a center frequency of 4 MHz. Results show that the simulated amplitude of the echo follows measured values well in both near and far fields, with an offset of about 10%.

In this paper we present a simple theoretical model of how pulsed ultrasound is attenuated by the particles in a solid/liquid flow. The theoretical model is then used to predict the attenuation of sound, given the mass fraction, the density, and the size distribution of the solid particles.The model is verified experimentally for suspensions of 0-10% (by mass) Dolomite ((Ca,Mg)CO 3 ) particles and water. The experimental results show that the attenuation of sound due to particles varies linearly with mass fraction, and that the proposed theoretical model can be used to predict this attenuation. In all experiments the transmitter and receiver array were clamped onto the pipe wall, thus providing a completely non-invasive and non-intrusive measurement technique. Ó

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