Protection of amine group by amide formation is still among the preferred strategy for multifunctional molecules synthesis despite its impactful in terms of waste production, especially due the enormous quantities...
N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB), a widely used labeling agent to introduce the 4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl-prosthetic group, is normally obtained in three consecutive steps from [18F]fluoride ion. Here, we describe an efficient one-step labeling procedure of [18F]SFB starting from a tin precursor. This method circumvents volatile radioactive side-products and simplifies automatization. [18F]SFB was obtained after HPLC purification in a yield of 42 + 4% and a radiochemical purity (RCP) > 99% (n = 6). In addition, we investigate the automation of the coupling of [18F]SFB to a nanobody (cAbBcII10, targeting β-lactamase enzyme) and purification by size exclusion chromatography (PD-10 desalting column) to remove unconjugated reagent. Production and use of [18F]SFB were implemented on a radiosynthesis unit (Neptis®). The fully automated radiosynthesis process including purification and formulation required 160 min of synthesis time. [18F]SFB-labeled nanobody was obtained in a yield of 21 + 2% (activity yield 12 + 1% non-decay corrected) and a radiochemical purity (RCP) of > 95% (n = 3). This approach simplifies [18F]SFB synthesis to one-step, enhances the yield in comparison to the previous report and enables the production of radiolabeled nanobody on the same synthesis module.
Tenaris and Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) launched a Joint Industrial Project aimed at developing heavy wall line pipes. The suitability for very severe applications, involving high service pressures and temperatures, the latter causing large strain fluctuations, in presence of an aggressive sour environment, is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally, including small and full pipe models. The full project program aims at developing a new generation heavy wall product, supported by: a comprehensive laboratory analysis of the material response under severe mechanical loading in aggressive environment; and full scale testing program, including both pipe and girth weld. Both investigations are mainly addressed to basic understanding of impact on design criteria from interaction between severe loading and aggressive environment. Two papers have been already presented on this project, [2] and [3]. The present paper deals with the study, carried out in cooperation with Saipem Energy Services, aimed at setting up a tool for the prediction of ratcheting extent for the pipeline in pressure subjected to axial cyclic, even plastic, straining. In such conditions, ratcheting may develop in the circumferential direction, as a consequence of both material cyclic performance and bi-axial plastic flow. So, detailed characterization of material is required, as well as calibration of plastic performance parameters, particularly in relation to relevant modeling. The final objective of the study is to establish a threshold for the plastic strain development at peak load, beyond which circumferential ratcheting may develop. A numerical model was set up, on-purpose developed and implemented on commercial software, where reverse yielding is modeled by kinematic hardening referring to Von-Mises yield criterion. Use of relevant parameters describing/approximating the actual material response has been made, based on laboratory Multi Plastic Straining Cycling (MPSC) of pipe full thickness samples. Full scale testing of pressurized X65, 10 3/4″ OD × 46 mm WT linepipe has been performed including plastic axial and cyclic straining. A huge measurement campaign allowed to establish the relevant parameters that characterize the response from numerical modeling, facilitating the validation of the set up by comparing the actual ratcheting exhibited by the heavy wall pipe with predictions obtained by the model. Limits of current tools for numerical modeling are also shown, with some degree of dependence on applied straining sequence. Possible paths of numerical modeling improvement are then envisaged.
This paper describes the flowlines and hybrid risers' material selection and production for the Cascade and Chinook Development, a ground breaking ultra deep water project that will see the first production of the new Lower Tertiary in the Gulf of México.The subsea development is very significant, given the number of records and firsts, resulting from the deepest production facility in the world, at the time, of 8,250 ft (2,520 m) and the deepest drill center at 8,857 ft (2,700 m) water depth.Production from the wells in Cascade East, Cascade West and Chinook will be gathered and transported to the FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading) via four 9 5/8" flowlines and four FSHRs (Free Standing Hybrid Risers). A fifth FSHR connected to a 6" gas export pipeline will take unused associated gas (gas that is not consumed on the FPSO) to existing pipeline infrastructure in Green Canyon.The flowlines and riser systems included highly critical tubular components such as HW (Heavy Wall) pipes and bends, up to 1.63" (41.4 mm), setting up a record in terms of metallurgical, production and dimensional requirements. This paper will provide details on pipe and bend selection and production, providing laboratory and manufacturing data, setting a reference point for future HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature) flowlines and risers' system development in the Lower Tertiary and in other critical deepwater developments worldwide.
The paper describes the laser pipe end measurement systems developed by Tenaris to perform the automatic dimensional inspection of pipe ends (measuring OD, ID, WT) and the software’s applications which analyze the collected data. The measurements performed by the Laser End Measurement System (LEMS) can give great advantages to end users and laying companies allowing a more efficient pipe alignment prior welding. This is of particular importance in offshore oil recovery industry, where the fatigue requirements of pipelines subject to high dynamic loads are continuously increasing, as the exploitation is moving in harsh environments. Fatigue is normally the limiting design criterion for products like Steel Catenary Risers (SCRs) or fatigue sensitive flowlines, and it represents its major engineering challenge. One way to minimize the risks of girth welds’ fatigue failure is to minimize the pipes abutting Hi-Lo [1,2]. This task could be accomplished by the use of laser pipe ends measurements analyses in conjunction with dedicated software. This paper provides details on the implementation and validation processes of automatic measurement systems (fixed and portable) to determine pipe ends dimensions with precision and repeatability. In addition, the features and the capabilities of the fit-for-purpose to the end user automatic applications are showed. These features include the Best Matching (search of the alignments which minimize pipes abutting Hi-Lo), the Counter-Boring (analysis of the best ID/OD to which machine the pipe ends counter-bore and of the forecast of the machined WT after counter boring), and the sorting in families (determination of pipes groups according to their ID/WT/OD tolerances).
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