Recognition memory is defined as the ability to recognize a previously encountered stimulus and has been associated with spatially and temporally distinct event related potentials (ERPs). Allelic variations of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) have recently been shown to impact memory performance. Common variants of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) of the SLC6A4 gene result in long (l) and short (s) allelic variants with carriers of the s allele having lowered transcriptional efficiency. Thus, the current study examines the effects polymorphisms of the SLC6A4 gene have on performance and ERP amplitudes commonly associated with recognition memory. Electroencephalogram (EEG), genetic, and behavioral data were collected from sixty participants as they performed an item and source memory recognition task. In both tasks, participants studied and encoded 200 words, which were then mixed with 200 new words during retrieval. Participants were monitored with EEG during the retrieval portion of each memory task. EEG electrodes were grouped into four ROIs, left anterior superior, right anterior superior, left posterior superior, and right posterior superior. ERP mean amplitudes during hits in the item and source memory task were compared to correctly recognizing new items (correct rejections). Results show that s-carriers have decreased mean hit amplitudes in both the right anterior superior ROI 1000–1500 ms post stimulus during the source memory task and the left anterior superior ROI 300–500 ms post stimulus during the item memory task. These results suggest that individual differences due to genetic variation of the serotonin transporter gene influences recognition memory.
IntroductionAlthough previous research suggests that genetic variation in dopaminergic genes may affect recognition memory, the role dopamine transporter expression may have on the behavioral and EEG correlates of recognition memory has not been well established.ObjectivesThe study aims to reveal how individual differences in dopaminergic functioning due to genetic variations in the dopamine transporter gene influences behavioral and EEG correlates of recognition memory.MethodsFifty‐eight participants performed an item recognition task. Participants were asked to retrieve 200 previously presented words while brain activity was recorded with EEG. Regions of interest were established in scalp locations associated with recognition memory. Mean ERP amplitudes and event‐related spectral perturbations when correctly remembering old items (hits) and recognizing new items (correct rejections) were compared as a function of dopamine transporter group.ResultsParticipants in the dopamine transporter group that codes for increased dopamine transporter expression (10/10 homozygotes) display slower reaction times compared to participants in the dopamine transporter group associated with the expression of fewer dopamine transporters (9R‐carriers). 10/10 homozygotes further displayed differences in ERP and oscillatory activity compared to 9R‐carriers. 10/10 homozygotes fail to display the left parietal old/new effect, an ERP signature of recognition memory associated with the amount of information retrieved. 10/10 homozygotes also displayed greater decreases of alpha and beta oscillatory activity during item memory retrieval compared to 9R‐carriers.ConclusionCompared to 9R‐carriers, 10/10 homozygotes display slower hit and correct rejection reaction times, an absence of the left parietal old/new effect, and greater decreases in alpha and beta oscillatory activity during recognition memory. These results suggest that dopamine transporter polymorphisms influence recognition memory.
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can cause persistent cognitive changes. These cognitive changes may be due to changes in neural communication. Task‐switching is a cognitive control operation that may be susceptible to mTBI and is associated with oscillations in theta (4–7 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), and beta (14–30 Hz) ranges. This study aimed to investigate oscillatory power in response to cues indicating a task‐switch after mTBI. Electroencephalogram and behavioral data were collected from 21 participants with a history of two or more concussions (mTBI) and 21 age‐ and gender‐matched controls as they performed a task‐switching paradigm. Participants differentiated whether visual stimuli were red or green, or circles or squares, depending on a cue. The cue changed every few trials with the first trial after a rule change being termed a switch trial. The mTBI group showed significantly less overall accuracy during the task. Over a posterior parietal region, the mTBI group showed more theta desynchronization than the control group from ~300 to ~600 ms post‐cue during switch trials and from ~300 to 400 ms during maintain trials, along with less alpha and beta desynchronization than the control group from ~2,000 to ~2,200 ms post‐cue. In a right parietal region, the mTBI group showed less alpha and beta desynchronization from ~525 to ~775 ms post‐cue. However, there was no condition × group interaction in the behavior or oscillatory results. These oscillatory differences suggest a change in neural communication is present after mTBI that may relate to global changes in task performance.
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the Crohn’s disease (CD) patient experience of Bowel Urgency (BU) and BU-related accidents to identify what is most relevant and important to patients. METHODS Patients in the US were eligible to participate in this qualitative study if they were ≥18 years of age, had a diagnosis of moderate to severe CD for ≥6 months and had experienced BU in the last 6 months. Interviews were conducted to explore the signs, symptoms, and impacts related to BU and BU-related accidents. Specifically, patients were asked to describe BU and BU-related accident experiences of CD in their own words. Transcripts were coded and analyzed in ATLAS.ti 9 using a systematic thematic analysis. RESULTS A total of 15 patients participated; majority were female (53%), white (53%), receiving biologic and/or conventional therapy (87%), and mean age of 50 yrs. A majority of patients (80%) experienced BU at least once in the last week and 20% had experienced ≥1 BU-related accident in the last month. The time-sensitive need to use or be near the bathroom, uncertainty of BU, and fear of experiencing an accident were reported as the most bothersome aspects of the BU experience. Patients reported 16 signs and symptoms that co-occur with BU, with abdominal pain (87%), fatigue (87%), and abdominal cramping (53%) being most frequently reported (Table 1). Patients reported 36 BU-related impact concepts across 16 domains (Table 1). Impact domains most frequently reported were adaptive behaviors (93%), household chores (87%), and social activities (87%). Impact concepts most frequently reported were dietary changes (87%) and inability to participate in social activities (87%). Inability to participate in family activities, interrupted work activities, and inability to participate in social activities were reported as the most bothersome impacts to patients. All 15 patients reported ever experiencing BU-related accidents. Patients reported 12 signs and symptoms that co-occur with BU-related accidents, with abdominal pain (67%), fatigue (67%), and abdominal cramping (60%) being most frequently reported (Table 2). Patients reported 44 impacts of BU-related accidents across 16 domains (Table 2). Impact domains most frequently reported were adaptive behaviors (100%) and emotional functioning (87%). Impact concepts most frequently reported were dietary changes (80%) and embarrassment (60%). CONCLUSION This study revealed that the experience of BU and BU-related accidents is bothersome to patients with CD, impactful on their daily lives, and occurs despite the use of biologic and/or conventional therapy.
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the Ulcerative Colitis (UC) patient experience of Bowel Urgency (BU) and BU-related accidents to identify what is most relevant and important to patients. METHODS Patients in the US were eligible to participate in this qualitative study if they were ≥18 years of age, had a diagnosis of moderate to severe UC for ≥6 months and had experienced BU in the last 6 months. Interviews were conducted to explore the signs, symptoms, and impacts related to BU and BU-related accidents. Transcripts were coded and analyzed in ATLAS.ti 9 using a systematic thematic analysis. RESULTS 15 patients with moderate to severe UC participated; majority were female (53%), white (80%), receiving biologic and/or conventional therapy (80%), and had a mean age of 51.6 years. A majority of patients (80%) indicated that they had experienced BU at least once in the last week and 33% indicated that they had experienced at least 1 BU-related accident in the last month. Participants reported a total of 13 sign and symptom concepts that co-occur with BU, with abdominal pain (87%), fatigue (80%), abdominal cramping (67%), and diarrhea (33%) being the most frequently reported (Table 1). Abdominal pain (40%) and abdominal cramping (40%) were frequently reported as the most bothersome symptoms of BU to participants. A total of 32 BU-related impact concepts were reported by participants across 16 impact domains (Table 1). The impact domains most frequently reported by participants were adaptive behaviors (100%), emotional functioning (87%), and social activities (67%). The most frequently reported impact concepts were dietary changes (73%), inability to participate in social activities (67%), and difficulty running errands (60%). Inability to participate in social activities (27%) and bathroom mapping (20%) were frequently reported as the most bothersome impacts to participants. A total of thirteen (87%) participants reported experiencing BU-related accidents. Of the 7 signs and symptoms reported by participants to co-occur with BU-related accidents, the most frequently reported were abdominal pain (77%), gas (77%), and abdominal cramping (69%) (Table 2). A total of 30 impact concepts of BU-related accidents were reported by participants across 13 impact domains (Table 2). The domains most frequently reported by participants were adaptive behaviors (100%), emotional functioning (69), and social activities (62%). The most frequently reported impact concepts were bathroom mapping (62%), inability to participate in social activities (62%), and embarrassment (54%). CONCLUSION This qualitative study revealed that BU, BU-related accidents, and BU co-occurring symptoms are bothersome, impactful on participants’ daily lives, and occur despite the use of biologic and/or conventional therapy.
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