G u i d o I a n n a c c o n e and P a o l o E m. i l i o P a n z i r o n i Ureteral reflux of the vesical content occurs when the vesico-ureteral valve mechanism is impaired and the intravesical pressure prevails on the pyelo-ureteral excretory pressure. In normal conditions urine backilow from the bladder into the ureters is prevented mainly by the following factors: a) ureteral tonus and contractions, which make the intra-ureteral pressure greater than that of the resting bladder; b) the considerable length and obliquity of the intramural portion of the ureter, which is compressed during contraction of the bladder wall; and c) the existence of a small mucosal valve 'leaf' a t the uretero-vesical junction. Vesico-ureteral reflux is not uncommonly observed in various diseases of the urinary tract (2), whereas it is still a matter of discussion whether it may occasionally occur in healthy subjects.
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