The majority of demands for drugs that have led to legal proceedings could be avoided if two SUS directives were followed, namely the organization of oncology services and the observance of reporting on essential medicines. Failure to do so causes a breakdown in the National Drug Policy, in equality of access and in the rational use of drugs within the National Health System.

Neste momento de crise financeira do Estado, é importante o uso adequado dos recursos econômicos disponíveis, e este trabalho objetiva estudar os fatores que determinam o aumento dos gastos em saúde; é uma revisão crítica do tema, com um levantamento sistemático das publicações dos últimos dez anos, considerando-se os principais estudiosos da disciplina da economia da saúde no Brasil e de outros países. Os fatores que agem na demanda por serviços de saúde são de natureza variada, podendo se sobrepor, o que aumenta ainda mais a demanda: necessidade sentida, fatores psicossociais, seguridade social, demografía, epidemiología, utilização dos serviços, regulamentação e fatores culturais. Os que agem na oferta da assistência à saúde são: progresso técnico-médico, difusão da inovação e multiplicação dos centros de assistência à saúde. Os fatores da demanda não podem ser rapidamente contidos, enquanto que os de oferta são muito mais facilmentecontrolados, mas são poucos os exemplos encontrados na literatura sobre o sucesso das medidas de controle.

No abstract

Objectives. To describe and discuss developments in the financing of pharmaceutical services in the Brazilian public health system -SUS. Methods. The amounts allocated for drug procurement, for the Farmácia Popular Program and for structuring of public pharmaceutical services were identified.

The inadequate use of drugs leads to lack of therapeutic efficacy, adverse reactions, side effects, preventable drug interactions, increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and wasted resources. Changing this scenario is one of the most complex challenges facing health systems today. One approach used to rationalize the use of drugs lies in the creation of pharmacy and therapeutics committees, whose main role is to guide and assist health institutions at all levels in selecting drugs and monitoring their use, training professionals to use drugs rationally, and collecting systematized information to guide new strategies and actions. Brazil, unlike other parts of the world, does not make it compulsory to have pharmacy and therapeutics committees. Although committees for monitoring hospital infections are compulsory in that country, their action is restricted to hospitals and is not as broad as that proposed for pharmacy and therapeutics committees. Data from 2003 shows that among 250 public and private hospitals in Brazil, only 29 had pharmacy and therapeutics committees. It is essential that the need to make these committees compulsory at all levels of the Brazilian health system be discussed, and that the national Ministry of Health and other related agencies create the conditions necessary for the establishment of pharmacy and therapeutics committees, in accordance with other health policies currently in place.

Objective: Recent data indicates an increasing incidence of thyroid cancer not accompanied by a proportional increase in mortality, suggesting overdiagnosis, which may represent a big public health problem, particularly where resources are scarce. This article aims to describe and evaluate the procedures related to investigation of thyroid nodules and treatment and follow-up of thyroid cancer and the costs for the Brazilian public health system between 2008 and 2015. Materials and methods: Data on procedures related to investigation of thyroid nodules and treatment/follow-up of thyroid cancer between 2008 and 2015 in Brazil were collected from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Datasus) website. Results: A statistically significant increase in the use of procedures related to thyroid nodules investigation and thyroid cancer treatment and follow-up was observed in Brazil, though a reduction was noted for procedures related to the treatment of more aggressive thyroid cancer, such as total thyroidectomy with neck dissection and higher radioiodine activities such as 200 and 250 milicuries (mCi). The procedures related to thyroid nodules investigation costs increased by 91% for thyroid ultrasound (p = 0.0003) and 128% in thyroid nodule biopsy (p < 0.001). Costs related to treatment and follow-up related-procedures increased by 120%. Conclusion: The increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in Brazil is directly associated with an increased use of diagnostic tools for thyroid nodules, which leads to an upsurge in thyroid cancer treatment and followup-related procedures. These data suggest that substantial resources are being used for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of a potentially indolent condition.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the role of a Municipal Health Ombudsman and its contribution to the public health management from the perspective of the public health system users and the municipal health counselors.METHODSQualitative research approach using the case study, descriptive and transversal methods. The unit of analysis was a Municipal Health Ombudsman, in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, between May and August 2010. The study was observational in nature and data were collected through interviews with two groups of stakeholders: users and municipal health counselors. We interviewed 44 Brazilian Unified Health System users who had made direct use of the Municipal Health Ombudsman and all 20 municipal health counselors. The data obtained were analyzed based on three issues: (1) nature of the data obtained; (2) discussion of subsidies to qualify the ombudsman’s functioning as a management tool; (3) proposals for actions to improve democratic management in the area of public health.RESULTSThe complaints to the ombudsman denoted difficulties in access to health care services running the risk of their being perceived as shortcuts to gaining accessibility, disregarding the principle of social justice. The role of the ombudsman has the citizens’ approval. Users reported the following main functions of the ombudsman: to support the resolution of health problems, to listen and to clarify issues regarding Brazilian Unified Health System operations and procedures. Information was emphasized by health counselors as an instrument of power and access to the rights of Brazilian Unified Health System users. They highlighted that the ombudsman has the role of ensuring justice to foster an effective health policy, besides playing an important mediating role between the board of the municipal health system, its managers and citizens. Furthermore, the ombudsman was shown to have an execution role that transcends its regular functions.CONCLUSIONSThe study found that the ombudsman is a key management tool in monitoring the health care system. Therefore, the establishment of the ombudsman is an advance in the field of democratic management. Nevertheless, there are challenges to be overcome in order to improve ombudsman contribution to the execution of health policies and representing citizens in ensuring their rights to health care.

Objective. To analyze the qualitative coverage of treatment policies at the federal level in the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS) for diseases that have been the subject of patient lawsuits.MethOds. An exploratory research study was undertaken based on a sample comprising diseases referred to in lawsuits against the city of São Paulo Municipal Health Department in 2005. The Brazilian Ministry of Health's electronic pages were searched for the standards that set out treatment policies and the Diseasedex database was searched for the recommended treatment resources (surgical procedures and drugs). A table was drawn up summarizing the coverage for each disease provided by the federal treatment policy in force, on the basis of the medications or procedures recommended as first line treatment. Results. Public treatment policies cover the greater part (n = 26) of the diseases analyzed, either through public policies for primary care or public policies for rare diseases and/or high treatment cost diseases. This represents 96% of the sample analyzed (n = 27). It was observed that 3 of the 27 diseases, which corresponds to 11% of the sample, are covered by deficient treatment policies. This means that public policies do not offer full first-line therapy. There was only one disease that was not covered by a public treatment policy: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. cOnclusiOn. The qualitative treatment coverage for some diseases in the sample analyzed was deficient, which could compromise the integral nature of treatment and healthcare in some cases.