X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP or Duncan disease) is characterized by extreme sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), resulting in a complex phenotype manifested by severe or fatal infectious mononucleosis, acquired hypogammaglobulinemia and malignant lymphoma. We have identified a gene, SH2D1A, that is mutated in XLP patients and encodes a novel protein composed of a single SH2 domain. SH2D1A is expressed in many tissues involved in the immune system. The identification of SH2D1A will allow the determination of its mechanism of action as a possible regulator of the EBV-induced immune response.

and Christian BrechotThe identification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in semen remains controversial and that of hepatitis G virus (HGV) or GB virus C (GBV-C) has never been investigated. Serum and semen from 90 anti-HCV -positive drug users were tested (27 infected with HIV) for HCV and HGV/GBV-C RNAs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, hybridization, and sequence analysis. Semen was processed into round cells, seminal plasma, and spermatozoa. Fifty-six patients were HCV-viremic, but HCV-RNA was not identified in their seminal fractions. However, PCR inhibitors were found in the semen of 34 of these men. Twenty-eight patients had HGV/GBV-C RNA in their blood and for 24 of them, ejaculates were available for analysis. HGV/GBV-C RNA was found in the seminal plasma of 6 of 12 samples free from PCR inhibitors. These results agree with the low risk of sexual transfer of HCV and provide preliminary evidence for the presence of HGV/GBV-C in semen. Several investigators have shown that the sex partners ofThe data currently available suggest a low pathogenicity of HGV/GBV-C infection, but recently it has been suggested that subjects infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have a low prevalence of anti-HCV antibody, suggesting a low risk of some virus strains might be involved in certain cases of fulminant hepatitis [28, 29]. While this point continues to be debated sexual transmission of this virus [1 -7]. On the contrary, other studies propose that sexual transmission might have a role in [30, 31] it is still important to understand the biology of HGV/ GBV-C infection. Parenteral transmission through contamithe epidemiology of HCV and account for some cases of sporadic HCV-related chronic hepatitis [8 -11]. Studies to identify nated blood has been confirmed, but it is not known whether this virus can be sexually transmitted. HCV RNA in the semen of infected subjects by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay have yielded conflicting resultsIn this study, we looked for HCV and HGV/GBV-C RNAs in the serum and semen of 90 anti-HCV -positive IVDUs, of [12 -15], possibly due to difficulties in the extraction of nucleic acids and the presence of PCR inhibitors in seminal plasma. whom 27 were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To overcome the technical problems in deThis uncertainty has rendered difficult both the understanding of HCV epidemiology and the sexual and reproductive counseltecting RNA in unfractionated semen and to understand which seminal fraction could serve as a reservoir for the virus, we ing of couples of whom only one partner, usually the male, is infected with HCV.separated the ejaculates into cell-free seminal plasma, seminal round cells, and spermatozoa before the PCR assay. To process The issue of sexual transmission of hepatitis viruses has become further complicated by the identification of a new semen we used a specific procedure that we have devised to treat HIV-infected semen [32]. HCV-related hepatitis virus named hepatitis G (HGV) [16] or 18]. It is now recognized that ...

The risk of vertical transmission during vaginal delivery in COVID-19 pregnant patients is currently a topic of debate. Obstetric norms on vaginal birth assistance to reduce the potential risk of perinatal infection should be promoted by ensuring that the risk of contamination from maternal anus and faecal material is reduced during vaginal delivery.

Abstract. The transcription factor runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is a master gene implicated in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, and thus serves a determinant function in bone remodelling and skeletal integrity. Various signalling pathways regulate Runx2 abundance, which requires a number of molecules to finely modulate its expression. Furthermore, this gene may be ectopically-expressed in cancer cells. Recent studies have reported the involvement of Runx2 in cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and metastatic processes, suggesting it may represent a useful therapeutic target in cancer treatment. However, studies evaluating this gene as a cancer marker are lacking. In the present study, Runx2 expression was analysed in 11 different cancer cell lines not derived from bone tumour. In addition, the presence of Runx2-related cell-free RNA was examined in the peripheral blood of 41 patients affected by different forms of tumours. The results demonstrated high expression levels of Runx2 in the cancer cell lines and identified the presence of Runx2-related cell-free RNA in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer. As compared with normal individuals, the expression level was increased by 14.2-fold in patients with bone metastases and by 4.01-fold in patients without metastases. The results of the present study therefore opens up the possibility to exploit Runx2 expression as a cancer biomarker allowing the use of minimally invasive approaches for diagnosis and follow-up.

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