This document explores the expulsion and reception determinants of displaced people among Colombian municipalities. For this purpose, we use fixed effects panel data estimations for the period 2004–2009, with municipality year as the unit of analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper in Colombia that focuses on reception and the first one using panel data at municipal level to explain expulsion and reception. We find that, contrary to what one may expect, some independent variables affect both expulsion and reception of displaced people in the same direction; for instance, municipalities where homicide rates and conflict intensity are high, are associated with both higher reception and expulsion rates. In addition to the conventional panel data estimation, we also run a fixed effect vector decomposition to identify the explicit effects of certain time-invariant variables
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of thawing method to the cold damage of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum). For that, blueberries samples of "ventura" variety were frozen at -13°C for 7 days and then were thawed following 4 methods: refrigeration, air, water, and microwave. In order to evaluate cold damage, two indirect procedures were performed: studying mass transfer during drying process and by measuring drip loss by electric conductivity. As results, significant difference was found among the thawing methods, being air method the worstmethod since more damages causes on the berries. On the other hand, refrigeration, and water methos were the best for thawing blueberries. Therefore, avoiding structural changes.
The forced migration literature has acknowledged violence as the main driver of internal displacement in the context of armed conflicts. Nonetheless, scant attention has been devoted to the role of income, a factor identified by the standard economic literature as the key driver of voluntary migration. This study aims to fill in this gap by investigating the impact of agricultural income shocks on the number of internally displaced persons fleeing from violence, in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. To address the possible endogeneity between forced migration and income, we use the standardized deviation of rainfall from its historic mean as an instrumental variable for municipal agricultural income. Our main results suggest that the elasticity of forced migration with respect to agricultural income shocks is unitary. This finding highlights the fact that forced migration is the result of a complex decision-making process where violence interacts with individual characteristics and environmental factors. Therefore, public policies aimed at reducing forced migration from rural to urban areas should develop comprehensive strategies that not only improve security conditions at the place of origin but also enhance agricultural productivity and provide access to risk-coping mechanisms for farmers.
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