In this work, a high repetition rate laser matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source is studied on a quadrupole-time-of-flight (QqTOF) and a triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometer for rapid quantification of small pharmaceutical drugs. The high repetition rate laser allows an up to 100-fold higher pulse frequency as compared with regular MALDI lasers, resulting in much larger sample throughput and number of accumulated spectra. This increases the reproducibility of signal intensities considerably, with average values being around 5% relative standard deviation after taking into account the area ratio of the analyte to an internal standard. Experiments were conducted in MS/MS mode to circumvent the large chemical background due to MALDI matrix ions in the low mass range. The dynamic range of calibration curves on the QqTOF mass spectrometer extended over at least two orders of magnitude, whereas on the QqQ it extended over at least three orders of magnitude. Detection limits ranged from 60-400 pg/microL on the QqTOF and from 6-70 pg/microL on the QqQ for a series of benzodiazepines. The benzodiazepine content of commercial pill formulations was quantified, and less than 5% error was obtained between the present method and the manufacturer's certified values. Furthermore, a high sample throughput was achieved with this method, so that a single MALDI spot could be quantitatively scanned in as little as 15 s, and an entire 96-well MALDI plate in 24 min.

Susceptibility to metabolism is a common issue with the tert-butyl group on compounds of medicinal interest. We demonstrate an approach of removing all the fully sp 3 C−Hs from a tert-butyl group: replacing some C−Hs with C−Fs and increasing the s-character of the remaining C−Hs. This approach gave a trifluoromethylcyclopropyl group, which increased metabolic stability. Trifluoromethylcyclopropyl-containing analogues had consistently higher metabolic stability in vitro and in vivo compared to their tert-butyl-containing counterparts.

In this work, a reversed-phase monolithic column was permanently coated with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) to perform ultrafast separations of iodate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in as little as 30 s. Separations were performed using 6 mM o-cyanophenol (pH 7.0) at flow rates up to 10 ml/min and suppressed conductivity detection. Detection limits in the parts-per-billion range were observed for all anions studied (e.g., ranging from 30 ppb for phosphate to 4 ppb for sulfate). The reproducibility was 0.7 and 0.4% RSD for retention time and peak area, respectively. Coated columns were stable for up to 12 h of continuous use at 5 mL/min (i.e., 1-min separations).

Understanding a compound's preclinical pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy relationship can greatly facilitate its clinical development. Bortezomib is a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor whose pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters are poorly understood in terms of their relationship with efficacy. Here we characterized the bortezomib pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic/efficacy relationship in the CWR22 and H460 xenograft models. These studies allowed us to specifically address the question of whether the lack of broad bortezomib activity in solid tumor xenografts was due to insufficient tumor penetration. In vivo studies showed that bortezomib treatment resulted in tumor growth inhibition in CWR22 xenografts, but not in H460 xenografts. Using 20S proteasome inhibition as a pharmacodynamic marker and analyzing bortezomib tumor exposures, we show that efficacy was achieved only when suitable drug exposures drove proteasome inhibition that was sustained over time. This suggested that both the magnitude and duration of proteasome inhibition were important drivers of efficacy. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution computed tomographic imaging of vascular casts, we characterized the vasculature of CWR22 and H460 xenograft tumors and identified prominent differences in vessel perfusion, permeability, and architecture that ultimately resulted in variations in bortezomib tumor exposure. Comparing and contrasting the differences between a bortezomib-responsive and a bortezomib-resistant model with these techniques allowed us to establish a relationship among tumor perfusion, drug exposure, pharmacodynamic response and efficacy, and provided an explanation for why some solid tumor models do not respond to bortezomib treatment. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12):3234-43]

No abstract

The merits of varying column temperature in a cation exchange separation of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and amines are considered. Increasing the column temperature (up to 60 degrees C) reduced the retention of all cations, but by varying extents. Consequently, selectivity changes were seen, with reversals in elution order in some cases. To ascertain when temperature is most useful as a separation aid, analytes were classed into three groups according to their temperature behaviour: alkali metals; alkaline earth metals; and amines. Adjusting the column temperature caused selectivity changes between analytes in different groups, but no selectivity changes occurred between analytes in the same group. Further, temperature was compared to the addition of modest amounts of acetonitrile as another means to alter selectivity. The benefits of elevated temperature were not just limited to selectivity changes. Improvements in the efficiencies of all analytes were noted at 60 degrees C. This was especially true for the amines which are severely tailed at ambient temperatures.

In this work, a monolithic column was used to perform ultrafast separations of common inorganic anions in as little as 15 seconds. Separations were performed using ion-interaction chromatography with tetrabutylammonium-phthalate as the ion-interaction reagent and were monitored using either direct conductivity or indirect absorbance detection. Detection limits for direct conductivity were in the low ppm range, whereas those for indirect absorbance detection were up to an order of magnitude higher. The reproducibility was 0.4% and 2% RSD for retention time and peak area, respectively, for a one minute separation, and 2.8% and 3-15%, respectively, for the 15 second separation. The proposed method was validated versus standard ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection for the analysis of an industrial water sample.

No abstract