Background: Eprosartan mesylate (EM) is a poorly aqueous soluble drug belonging to BCS-class II suffers from low bioavailability (13%). The present study involves an effort for improving dissolution and thus the bioavailability of EM using solid dispersion approach. Methods: Solid dispersion (SD) was prepared by melting, solvent evaporation and kneading method using different ratios of drug and polymers (PEG-4000, Eudragit E-100, PVP K-30, Poloxamer-407, and Eudragit L-100). Phase solubility study revealed highest solubility in PVP K-30 at 1:2 ratios. The solid state characterizations of selected solid dispersion formulation (SD-15) were performed by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray diffraction study and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro dissolution was carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 50 rpm in 900 ml of volume. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study of selected formulation (SD-15) was carried out in male Wistar rats using non-compartment analysis by linear trapezoidal method after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg of EM. Results: The solid state characterization revealed no such drug-polymer interactions and rapid transformation of crystalline drug in an amorphous state, which amplifies the aqueous solubility and hence the dissolution rate. The in vitro dissolution study of the dispersions prepared by PVP K-30 (1:2) was found to be 95.5% after 1 hr. In vivo pharmacokinetic study in Wistar rats showed significant improvement in oral bioavailability of EM in SD-15 with the 2.4 fold increments than the pure drug. Conclusion: The solid dispersion prepared using PVP K-30 by kneading method showed improved dissolution and bioavailability. Therefore, solid dispersion formulation can be sorted as a promising approach for improving the dissolution and bioavailability of Eprosartan mesylate.
The present investigation is aimed to design a statistically optimized self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of eprosartan mesylate (EM). Preliminary screening was carried out to find a suitable combination of various excipients for the formulation. A 3(2) full factorial design was employed to determine the effect of various independent variables on dependent (response) variables. The independent variables studied in the present work were concentration of oil (X 1) and the ratio of S mix (X 2), whereas the dependent variables were emulsification time (s), globule size (nm), polydispersity index (pdi), and zeta potential (mV), and the multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) was employed to understand the influence of independent variables on dependent variables. Furthermore, a numerical optimization technique using the desirability function was used to develop a new optimized formulation with desired values of dependent variables. The optimized SMEDDS formulation of eprosartan mesylate (EMF-O) by the above method exhibited emulsification time, 118.45 ± 1.64 s; globule size, 196.81 ± 1.29 nm; zeta potential, -9.34 ± 1.2 mV, and polydispersity index, 0.354 ± 0.02. For the in vitro dissolution study, the optimized formulation (EMF-O) and pure drug were separately entrapped in the dialysis bag, and the study indicated higher release of the drug from EMF-O. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats using PK solver software revealed 2.1-fold increment in oral bioavailability of EM from EMF-O, when compared with plain suspension of pure drug.
The present work endeavors fabrication of fast dissolving buccal film of clonidine hydrochloride by employing quality by design (QbD) based approach. The total nine formulations were prepared according to formulation by design helped by JMP software 13.2.1. The patient oriented quality target product profiles were earmarked and on that basis critical quality attributes were identified. Preliminary screening studies along with initial risk assessment eased the selection of film-forming polymer (HPMC E 15) and plasticizer (PEG 400) as CMAs for formulation of films. A 32 full factorial plan was utilized for assurance of impact, i.e., HPMC E15 (X1) and PEG 400 (X2), as independent variables (factors) on thickness (mm) (Y1), disintegration time (s) (Y2), folding endurance (Y3), and tensile strength (kg) (Y4). Furthermore, prediction profiler assists in predicting composition of best formulation encompassing desired targeted response. The optimized formulation (F6) showed fast drug dissolution (>90%) within 8 min, and solid state characterization by DSC, XRD revealed excellent film characteristics. In a nutshell, the fast dissolving buccal film for clonidine hydrochloride was successfully developed assisted by QbD approach with markedly improved biopharmaceutical performance as well as patient compliance.
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