Rice is one of the most important cereal crops grown throughout the world. Despite of using improved agronomic practices, we cannot get optimum production and productivity. Several factors are responsible for low productivity in rice. A wide range of insect pests are reported to attack rice plant at different stages of life cycle. Among several insect pests, lepidopteran pests such as yellow stem borer, rice leaf folder are considered as most destructive and responsible for severe yield losses. The incidence pattern of lepidopteran pests at different standard weeks was studied. Then effect of various environmental factors like rainfall, morning RH, evening RH, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature was established by calculating correlation coefficients. It provides as a reference for selecting suitable management practices for reducing pest population.

Rice is one of the most important food crops grown worldwide. Though we use almost of the improved agronomic practices, we can not get optimum production and productivity. The reason behind its low productivity includes several factors. Among them insect pest infestation is prime and most important one. Among several insect pests, pests of lepidopteran order such as yellow stem borer and leaf folder are considered as most destructive and responsible for severe yield losses. As the larva are found inside the stem or within the leaf fold, cultural, mechanical, physical methods of pest management are not as effective as chemical control in reducing the pest population. So the present investigation was carried out in order to find out the efficacy of certain chemicals against lepidopteran pests infesting rice.

Background: Elective or emergency caesarean sections are routinely done under spinal anaesthesia (SA) with bolus dose of local anaesthetic drugs. Objective: To compared fractionated dose with bolus dose in SA for haemodynamic stability and duration of analgesia in patients undergoing elective lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). Methods: The present study was carried out in the Department of Anaesthesiology, Ad-din Akij Medical College Hospital, Khulna from January 2018 to December 2018 on sixty female patients (thirty in each group) of the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–III, age from 18 to 40 years, height from 140 to 180 cm, singleton pregnancies scheduled for elective LSCS under SA. Patients with pre-existing diseases or pregnancy-induced hypertension, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, any contraindication to SA, those weighing <50 kg or >110 kg and those taller than 180 cm or shorter than 140 cm and severely altered mental status, spine deformities or history of laminectomy were excluded from the study. Results: The mean duration of analgesia was statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups. Mean pulse rate- after 5 min, after 10 min, after 15 min, after 30 min, after 45 min and after 60 min were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group F than group B. Mean arterial pressure- before given study drug, after 0 min, after 5 min, after 10 min, after 15 min, after 30 min, after 45 min and after 60 min were not significantly (p>0.05) between two group. 14 patients (46.7%) in group B and 5 patients (16.7%) in group F required vasopressor. The difference was significant (p<0.05) between two groups. Conclusion: Separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture dose of SA provides better haemodynamic stability and longer period of analgesia compare to bolus dose in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Mediscope Vol. 7, No. 2: July 2020, Page 95-102

Original Research Article Introduction: Opium means juice, from Greek word. Morphine is named after Greek god of dreams, Morpheus Opioid refers to drugs derived from opium both natural and synthetics. Narcotic refers to morphine and like analgesics. Aim of the Study: To evaluate the effect of preservative free morphine 0.5mg administered intrathecally, on intraoperative anesthetic requirement and post operative analgesia in patients undergoing laparotomies under general anesthesia compared with multimodal analgesia during the 1 st 24 hours of postoperative period.

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