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The availability of rare earth elements from primary resources has come into question in the last two decades. This has sparked various government and industry initiatives to examine potential rare earth element resources apart from virgin ore bodies. Geothermal fluids are potentially significant sources of valuable minerals and metals, while co-recovery with geothermal energy production would be an attractive sustainable system. In this work, we give a brief survey of data collected on rare earth element concentrations in geothermal fluids. A survey of methods and technologies for extracting rare earth elements from geothermal is discussed along with the feasibility of recovering rare earth elements from geothermal brines. Based on the findings of this study, rare earth element extraction from geothermal fluids is technically possible, but neither economically viable nor strategically significant at this time.

Multiple mechanisms of fatigue crack initiations from pores leading to short-term and long-term fatigue life have been observed in a powder metallurgy (PM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy made by the hydrogen sintering and phase transformations (HSPT) process. The pores in the sintered alloy could be classified into two groups; type-I being caused by particle interstices that did not fully close during sintering (sinter-pores) and the type-II originating from larger voids that did not close during powder packing (cave-pores). The fatigue life trends can be classified by the type and the location of pore from which the crack initiated. Interestingly, the two types of pores, and the two different locations (surface vs. interior) from which the cracks initiated lead to four distinct S-N trends in the fatigue data. When the stress amplitude level and the pore size were accounted for through initial stress intensity factors, the fatigue data reduced to dual S-N fatigue curves. The results offer new insights into how pores, especially their type and size, and location control the fatigue behavior of PM Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Large improvements in fatigue life can be obtained if the large cave-pores are eliminated or their volume density reduced to very low levels.

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e eutectoid decomposition of austenite is generally analysed as a steady-state transformation. Although such a time-invariant framework is appropriate for binary systems, in ternary Fe-C-Mn alloys, particularly in the three-phase regime, a characteristic non-stationary equilibrium condition results in the formation of a unique microstructure, called 'divergent pearlite' .In the present work, the isothermal growth of the divergent pearlite, under di erent transformation temperatures; 605°C, 625°C and 650°C, is investigated by adopting a phase-eld approach which establishes local-equilibrium (LE) condition across the interface. ough most theoretical approaches intend to setup such condition, the current numerical technique elegantly recovers the non-stationary partitioning equilibrium (P-LE). e thermodynamical framework, which dictates this unique equilibrium condition, is introduced by incorporating the CALPHAD-based data. In addition to rendering the microstructure which is consistent with the observed divergentpearlite, the factors governing the characteristic kinetics and phase distributions are analysed. In complete agreement with the existing studies, it is recognised that the non steady-state growth is induced by a proportional decrease in the matrix carbon-content, which reduces the transformation kinetics, by in uencing the Mn partitioning driving-force. e characteristic proportionality which exists between these governing factors is unraveled in the current investigation. Moreover, it is also identi ed that the transition from the non steady-state evolution in three-phase regime to predominantly steady state in two-phase regime, is continuous. In other words, at 1 higher undercooling, a resolvable segment of time-invariant growth is observed in the initial stages, which is subsequently followed by the divergent evolution.

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