Asia harbors substantial cultural and linguistic diversity, but the geographic structure of genetic variation across the continent remains enigmatic. Here we report a large-scale survey of autosomal variation from a broad geographic sample of Asian human populations. Our results show that genetic ancestry is strongly correlated with linguistic affiliations as well as geography. Most populations show relatedness within ethnic/linguistic groups, despite prevalent gene flow among populations. More than 90% of East Asian (EA) haplotypes could be found in either Southeast Asian (SEA) or Central-South Asian (CSA) populations and show clinal structure with haplotype diversity decreasing from south to north. Furthermore, 50% of EA haplotypes were found in SEA only and 5% were found in CSA only, indicating that SEA was a major geographic source of EA populations.

It is being realized that identification of subgroups within normal controls corresponding to contrasting disease susceptibility is likely to lead to more effective predictive marker discovery. We have previously used the Ayurvedic concept of Prakriti , which relates to phenotypic differences in normal individuals, including response to external environment as well as susceptibility to diseases, to explore molecular differences between three contrasting Prakriti types: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha . EGLN1 was one among 251 differentially expressed genes between the Prakriti types. In the present study, we report a link between high-altitude adaptation and common variations rs479200 (C/T) and rs480902 (T/C) in the EGLN1 gene. Furthermore, the TT genotype of rs479200, which was more frequent in Kapha types and correlated with higher expression of EGLN1 , was associated with patients suffering from high-altitude pulmonary edema, whereas it was present at a significantly lower frequency in Pitta and nearly absent in natives of high altitude. Analysis of Human Genome Diversity Panel-Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (HGDP-CEPH) and Indian Genome Variation Consortium panels showed that disparate genetic lineages at high altitudes share the same ancestral allele (T) of rs480902 that is overrepresented in Pitta and positively correlated with altitude globally ( P < 0.001), including in India. Thus, EGLN1 polymorphisms are associated with high-altitude adaptation, and a genotype rare in highlanders but overrepresented in a subgroup of normal lowlanders discernable by Ayurveda may confer increased risk for high-altitude pulmonary edema.

We investigate surface plasmon amplification in a silver nanoparticle coupled to an externally driven threelevel gain medium, and show that quantum coherence significantly enhances the generation of surface plasmons. Surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation is achieved in the absence of population inversion on the spasing transition, which reduces the pump requirements. The coherent drive allows us to control the dynamics, and holds promise for quantum control of nanoplasmonic devices. 78.20Bh,78.45.+h Quantum nanoplasmonics is a promising active field of research which involves quantum mechanical control of plasmon resonances [1,2], quantum optical applications using plasmons [3,4] and the development of active plasmonic devices [5]. Surface plasmons (SPs) localize the light within subwavelength volumes which makes them an ideal tool for enhancing and controlling the light-matter interaction at the nanoscale. Although amplification of light is generally bound to the limit of diffraction, it has been shown that stimulated emission of SPs can coherently amplify optical fields in smaller volumes, thus generating highly localized field of interest for both applied and fundamental physics [5][6][7][8]. Spasers and nano-lasers have been experimentally demonstrated recently [9-13] and may find applications, for example, in sensing, bio-imaging and spectroscopy [14]. Recent progress in nanophotonics has led to the possibility of controlling many aspects of light with a single layer of nanostructured elements [15][16][17]. These techniques based on optical phase discontinuities, require light amplification at the nanoscale to achieve high throughput.Several technical challenges, however, must be overcome in order to realize reliable, efficient, high-gain spasers. First, spasers have high thresholds which may limit their use in applications [18]. Second, in addition to the threshold problem, spasers have low efficiencies, generating only few plasmons per spasing mode [5][6][7][8]. These limitations of spasers with two-level gain medium are related to the effect of gain saturation caused by the feedback of SP modes on the gain medium. After a short time, absorption and emission become equal, leading to saturation. One way to circumvent this is by adding a saturable absorber (bistable spaser) [8] which poses technological challenges. Moreover, further increase of the input field intensity leads to extra Ohmic losses due to heating of the metallic surface.The field of nanophotonics would benefit from the development of nanoscale coherent sources with increased field intensity output, lower threshold and with performance con- The threelevel gain medium is excited by an external incoherent pump g to the upper state |3 which decays to states |1 and |2 . The |2 → |1 transition is nearly resonant with the plasmon mode of the silver nanosphere such that the state |2 decays by emitting SPs via energy transfer. The plasmonic oscillations of the nanosphere stimulate this emission, supplying coherent feedb...

IHC is an easy and quick method of detecting IDH1-R132H mutations, but there may be some discrepancies between IHC and DNA sequencing. Although there were no false-negative cases, cross-reactivity with IDH1-R132L was seen in 3, a finding not reported thus far. Because of more universal availability of IHC over genetic testing, cross-reactivity and staining heterogeneity may have bearing over its use in detecting IDH1-R132H mutation in gliomas.

No abstract

Analyses of frequency profiles of markers on disease or drug-response related genes in diverse populations are important for the dissection of common diseases. We report the results of analyses of data on 405 SNPs from 75 such genes and a 5.2 Mb chromosome, 22 genomic region in 1871 individuals from diverse 55 endogamous Indian populations. These include 32 large (>10 million individuals) and 23 isolated populations, representing a large fraction of the people of India. We observe high levels of genetic divergence between groups of populations that cluster largely on the basis of ethnicity and language. Indian populations not only overlap with the diversity of HapMap populations, but also contain population groups that are genetically distinct. These data and results are useful for addressing stratification and study design issues in complex traits especially for heterogeneous populations.

Entanglement-based quantum science exploits subtle properties of quantum mechanics into applications such as quantum computing, sensing, and metrology. The emerging route for quantum computing applications, which calls for ultracompact, integrated, and scalable architecture, aims at on-chip entangled qubits. In this context, quantum entanglement among atomic qubits was achieved via cold-controlled collisions which are only significant at subwavelength separations. However, as other manifolds of quantum state engineering require single-site addressability and controlled manipulation of the individual qubit using diffraction-limited optics, entanglement of qubits separated by macroscopic distances at the chip level is still an outstanding challenge. Here, we report a novel platform for on-chip quantum state engineering by harnessing the extraordinary light-molding capabilities of metasurfaces. We theoretically demonstrate quantum entanglement between two qubits trapped on a chip and separated by macroscopic distances, by engineering their coherent and dissipative interactions via the metasurface. Spatially scalable interaction channels offered by the metasurface enable robust generation of entanglement, with large values of concurrence and remarkable revival from sudden death. The metasurface route to quantum state engineering opens a new paradigm for on-chip quantum science and technologies.

Nanoscale real-time molecular sensing requires large signal enhancement, small background, short detection time and high spectral resolution. We demonstrate a new vibrational spectroscopic technique which satisfies all of these conditions. This time-resolved surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (tr-SECARS) spectroscopy is used to detect hydrogen-bonded molecular complexes of pyridine with water in the near field of gold nanoparticles with large signal enhancement and a fraction of a second collection time. Optimal spectral width and time delays of ultrashort laser pulses suppress the surface-enhanced non-resonant background. Time-resolved signals increase the spectral resolution which is limited by the width of the probe pulse and allow measuring nanoscale vibrational dephasing dynamics. This technique combined with quantum chemistry simulations may be used for the investigation of complex mixtures at the nanoscale and surface environment of artificial nanostructures and biological systems.