Female patients with asthma are likely to have a greater perception of dyspnoea, report a poorer control and have a poorer quality of life as compared to males. Female gender and a poorer quality of life are independent predictors of increased perception of dyspnoea in asthmatics.
Shimla, a hill town in north India, possesses a unique cultural heritage manifesting layers of history. Shared built heritage of Shimla represents the 'shared' parts of history that include structures influenced by the colonial style. The diversity of building typology is under constant threats of urbanization and is exposed to degradation and extinction. Heritage listing as a tool for documentation aids to identify the shared built heritage and create repositories of the unrecorded history before it gets lost in the wraths of modern-day challenges. The study presents an account of the shared built heritage in Shimla using primary and secondary sources of data collection. Data was collected through a series of open-ended questions to various stakeholders, compiled in meticulously prepared inventories and represented graphically. The study contributes to defining a process for categorizing the different typologies of existing shared built heritage that aid in integrating these within the urban management plans.
This research has been done alongside the objective of set up a clear definition of smart cities that could possibly utilized globally. Despite a lot of material on smart cities that are accessible, there is no defined, widely used set of terminology that would assist in accurately defining a "Smart City".Around 115 current smart cities definitions were analysed and examined by utilizing as a guideline the themes and attributes of smart cities. These definitions have been acquired from numerous sources such as user-centric definitions, company/corporate profiles, national and international organizations (United Nations, ITU, Indian Smart Cities Mission, etc.), government initiatives, academia & research communities, standards development organizations, and trade associations. A list of thirty important terms that need to be included in a standardized definition was determined, and important indicators and categories were also established. Finally, to conclude on the basis of the given analyses, a suggested definition for the “smart city” was given by the following:An innovative city is known as a "smart city" if it adopts ICTs (“information and communication technologies”) including innovative methods to enhance wellbeing, the effectiveness of urban services and environment, while simultaneously fulfilling the social, environmental, and economic requirements of both the present as well as the future generations.This derived definition is such a definition which can be generalized for any smart city with basic fundamentals terms mentioned in it and can be adopted widely throughout the world.
Built heritage as a manifestation of cultural heritage can be conserved if it continues to function through adaption or adaptive reuse. In reality, this process encompasses complex decision-making and remains a challenge amongst stakeholders. This study aims to evaluate the contemporary challenges in the convoluted process of adaptive reuse of the Town Hall, a significant heritage building of the colonial times in Shimla. It aims to identify the varying challenges in the adaptive reuse of the Town Hall, Shimla through the Adaptive Reuse Assessment Model (ARAM). Qualitative content analysis through structured and semi-structured questionnaires along with case study method has been adopted. The study suggests that the adaptive reuse of Town Hall is significantly impacted by locational, legal, and social challenges, while political and technical challenges effect moderately. The study also brings out that environmental, physical, and economic challenges have insignificant impact on the adaptive reuse of the Town Hall.
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