Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infected individuals, with growing concerns about the emergence of non-albicans species with resistance to antifungal agents. This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of oral Candida species in Thai HIV-infected adults and factors affecting their colonization. Candida species were identified from oral rinse samples of 60 HIV-infected participants of the MTCT-Plus initiative and 49 healthy controls by culture-based and molecular assays. The prevalence of oral Candida carriage was similar in HIV-infected patients (56.6 %) and in controls (55.1 %, P50.87). Candida albicans was the most predominant species in both groups (94.1 % of Candida carriers in HIV, 88.9 % in control). Interestingly, Candida dubliniensis was the second most common species in controls (29.6 %) and the third in HIV-infected patients (11.8 %, P50.08). Multivariate analysis showed that, amongst HIV-infected individuals, CD4 count ,200 cells mm-3 was associated with increased prevalence of oral carriage of both C. albicans (P50.03) and nonalbicans species (P50.03). Moreover, patients with tuberculosis infection had a higher prevalence of the non-albicans species than those without (P50.03). Intriguingly, contraceptive use was also associated positively with non-albicans and multi-species carriage (P50.04 for both). However, use of antiretroviral drugs protected the patients from Candida carriage (P50.03), especially from C. albicans (P50.02). In conclusion, while HIV-infected individuals had a similar prevalence of oral Candida carriage to that of the control group, host immune status, tuberculosis infection, and contraceptive use may influence oral colonization of Candida, especially of the non-albicans species.

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Simulated bleaching with 10% CP or 40% HP increased both surface roughness and biofilm formation on resin composite and RMGI, except for S. sanguinis biofilm on RMGI.

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