Biomimetic materials for better bone graft substitutes are a thrust area of research among researchers and clinicians. Autografts, allografts, and synthetic grafts are often utilized to repair and regenerate bone defects. Autografts are still considered the gold-standard method/material to treat bone-related issues with satisfactory outcomes. It is important that the material used for bone tissue repair is simultaneously osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic. To overcome this problem, researchers have tried several ways to develop different materials using chitosan-based nanocomposites of silver, copper, gold, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and biosilica. The combination of materials helps in the expression of ideal bone formation genes of alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenic protein, runt-related transcription factor-2, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin. In vitro and in vivo studies highlight the scientific findings of antibacterial activity, tissue integration, stiffness, mechanical strength, and degradation behaviour of composite materials for tissue engineering applications.
Defects and disorders of the bone due to disease, trauma,
or abnormalities
substantially affect a person’s life quality. Research in bone
tissue engineering is motivated to address these clinical needs. The
present study demonstrates casein-mediated liquid exfoliation of molybdenum
disulfide (MoS
2
) and its coupling with alginate to create
microspheres to engineer bone graft substitutes. Casein-exfoliated
nano-MoS
2
was chemically characterized using different
analytical techniques. The UV–visible spectrum of nano-MoS
2
-2 displayed strong absorption peaks at 610 and 668 nm. In
addition, the XPS spectra confirmed the presence of the molybdenum
(Mo, 3d), sulfur (S, 2p), carbon (C, 1s), oxygen (O, 1s), and nitrogen
(N, 1s) elements. The exfoliated MoS
2
nanosheets were biocompatible
with the MG-63, MC3T3-E1, and C2C12 cells at 250 μg/mL concentration.
Further, microspheres were created using alginate, and they were characterized
physiochemically and biologically. Stereomicroscopic images showed
that the microspheres were spherical with an average diameter of 1
± 0.2 mm. The dispersion of MoS
2
in the alginate matrix
was uniform. The alginate–MoS
2
microspheres promoted
apatite formation in the SBF (simulated body fluid) solution. Moreover,
the alginate–MoS
2
was biocompatible with MG-63 cells
and promoted cell proliferation. Higher alkaline phosphatase activity
and mineralization were observed on the alginate–MoS
2
with the MG-63 cells. Hence, the developed alginate–MoS
2
microsphere could be a potential candidate for a bone graft
substitute.
Dental caries is a common problem in adolescents, leading to permanent loss of teeth or cavitation. Caries is a continuous process wherein demineralization and remineralization occur regularly. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most biocompatible and bioactive materials, as it closely resembles the mineral composition of teeth. The present study deals with isolating hydroxyapatite from fish bone (Epinephelus chlorostigma) by alkaline hydrolysis and thermal calcination. The isolated nano HA was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM-EDX, and HR-TEM analysis. The nano HA isolated by alkaline hydrolysis is nontoxic, and the cells are viable. The isolated HA enhances the proliferation of L929 cells. The remineralization potential of the extracted nano HA was evaluated in healthy premolars by DIAGNOdent/laser fluorescence quantification, surface microhardness test, and SEM-EDX analysis. Surface morphological observations in SEM and EDX analyses show that thermally calcined HA and alkali-treated HA can induce mineralization and deposit minerals. Therefore, HA obtained from Epinephelus chlorostigma could be a potential biomaterial for treating early caries.
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