Introduction: Wheelchair users are at a high risk of experiencing non-neuropathic pain of musculoskeletal origin as a result of being wheelchair-bound. The aim of this systematic review was to establish the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in wheelchair users that is attributable to wheelchair use, and to describe the different pain syndromes and discuss risk factors and management options. Methods: After a systematic MEDLINE search, we identified 40 papers eligible for inclusion. Results: The pooled prevalence of musculoskeletal pain at any location was 50% (95% CI 33-67%). The most common pain syndrome was shoulder pain (pooled prevalence 44%, 95% CI 36-52%). Wheelchair users were 5.8 times as likely to suffer from shoulder pain as controls (95% CI 2.7-12.2, p \ 0.0001). Other pain syndromes included neck, elbow, wrist, hand and low back pain.Older age and increased duration of wheelchair use were the most significant determinants of pain in wheelchair users. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal pain as a result of wheelchair use is very common amongst wheelchair users. Management of pain should follow national and international guidelines. Optimal adjustment of seating position may prevent pain, and is important to be taken into consideration.

Background COVID-19 (CoranaVirus disease 2019) is an ongoing infectious disease caused by the RNA SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2). The virus mainly causes respiratory symptoms, but neurological symptoms have also been reported to be part of the clinical manifestations of the disease. The aim of this study was to systematically review Miller fisher syndrome (MFS) published cases, in the context of COVID-19 infection or vaccination. Methods A systematic literature review on Medline was performed. A total of 21 papers were included in the present review. Results Twenty-two MFS cases (77% males) were identified, 14 related to COVID-19 infection and 8 to vaccination against COVID-19. The median age of the adult patients was 50 years (interquartile range 36–63 years). Sixteen patients (73%) had the classic triad of MFS (ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia), four (18%) had acute ophthalmoplegia and one other characteristic symptom and two patients (9%) had only one other characteristic symptom, but they tested positive for GQ1b antibodies. Nine (41%) patients had positive GQ1b antibodies and were classified as “definite” MFS. Albuminocytologic dissociation was found in half of the cases. The outcome was favourable in the majority of cases (86%) whereas one patient, despite the initial improvement, died because of a cardiac arrest, after cardiac arrythmia. Conclusions MFS after COVID-19 infection/vaccination was found to have the typical epidemiological characteristics of classic MFS; being rare, occurring more often after infection than vaccination, affecting mainly middle-aged males usually within 3 weeks after the event and having an excellent prognosis after treatment with IVIG or even with no treatment at all. We found no evidence that MFS after COVID-19 infection was different from MFS after COVID-19 vaccination, although the former tended to occur earlier.