The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in progression of tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Accumulating data reveal that dendritic cells (DCs) appear to play a key role in the development and progression of metastatic neoplasia by driving immune system dysfunction and establishing immunosuppression, which is vital for tumor evasion of host immune response. Consequently, in this review, we will discuss the function of tumor-infiltrating DCs in immune cell signaling pathways that lead to treatment resistance, tumor recurrence, and immunosuppression. We will also review DC metabolism, differentiation, and plasticity, which are essential for metastasis and the development of lung tumors. Furthermore, we will take into account the interaction between myeloid cells and DCs in tumor-related immunosuppression. We will specifically look into the molecular immune-related mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment that result in reduced drug sensitivity and tumor relapse, as well as methods for combating drug resistance and focusing on immunosuppressive tumor networks. DCs play a crucial role in modulating the immune response. Especially, as cancer progresses, DCs may switch from playing an immunostimulatory to an inhibitory role. This article’s main emphasis is on tumor-infiltrating DCs. We address how they affect tumor growth and expansion, and we highlight innovative approaches for therapeutic modulation of these immunosuppressive DCs which is necessary for future personalized therapeutic approaches.

The appearance of chemoresistance in cancer is a major issue. The main barriers to conventional tumor chemotherapy are undesirable toxic effects and multidrug resistance. Cancer nanotherapeutics were developed to get around the drawbacks of conventional chemotherapy. Through clinical evaluation of thoughtfully developed nano delivery systems, cancer nanotherapeutics have recently offered unmatched potential to comprehend and combat drug resistance and toxicity. In different design approaches, including passive targeting, active targeting, nanomedicine, and multimodal nanomedicine combination therapy, were successful in treating cancer in this situation. Even though cancer nanotherapy has achieved considerable technological development, tumor biology complexity and heterogeneity and a lack of full knowledge of nano-bio interactions remain important hurdles to future clinical translation and commercialization. The recent developments and advancements in cancer nanotherapeutics utilizing a wide variety of nanomaterial-based platforms to overcome cancer treatment resistance are covered in this article. Additionally, an evaluation of different nanotherapeutics-based approaches to cancer treatment, such as tumor microenvironment targeted techniques, sophisticated delivery methods for the precise targeting of cancer stem cells, as well as an update on clinical studies are discussed. Lastly, the potential for cancer nanotherapeutics to overcome tumor relapse and the therapeutic effects and targeted efficacies of modern nanosystems are analyzed.

Background: Breastfeeding is very important for the proper nutrition and growth of the child, as well as, the health of the mother. To start breastfeeding, the neonate must have extensive oral capacities for sucking functions but, premature neonates may not have the muscle strength needed to suck successfully. However, the non-nutritive sucking achieved by using a pacifier, has been identified by previous research as a factor associated with shorter duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding. This study aims to perform a systematic review to investigate the relationship between pacifier use in preterm neonates and breastfeeding in infancy. Methods: We included prospective studies, as well as randomized controlled studies that evaluated the association between pacifier use by preterm neonates and of breastfeeding in infancy. Ten research articles from PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar and Crossref were included in the review from a total of 1455 articles. The results differ depending on the type of study.Most prospective studies have shown a negative correlation between pacifier use and breastfeeding, while the randomized controlled studies found a positive correlation. Conclusions: Pacifier use in preterm infants helps transition from tube to oral feeding, breastfeeding, faster weight gain and earlier discharge from the NICU. However, the relationship between pacifiers and breastfeeding is more complicated, as it appears to be influenced by additional risk factors.

Background: The experience of a neonate hospitalized in the NICU is an understandably traumatic experience for parents, especially for the mothers of neonates. This mental distress resulting from preterm birth and/or NICU hospitalization can be understood as post-traumatic symptomatology, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 version). The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the admission of a neonate to the NICU (forany reason) on the development of postpartum PTSD in a sample of women after cesarean section. Methods: A total of 469 women who gave birth with cesarean section from July 2019 to June 2020 participated in this study out of the original sample of 490 women who consented to participate. Data were obtained from the researcher’s socio-demographic questionnaire and the post-traumatic stress checklist (PCL-5) from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DCM-5 version. Results: In total, 11.7% of the sample experienced postpartum PTSD. There is a strong relationship between the inclusion of a neonate to the NICU due to perinatal stress, breathing difficulties, infections, and IUGR with postpartum PTSD (37.7%) in relation to the perinatal stress Criterion A (fear for the life of the neonate), the first criterion of postpartum PTSD. Conclusions: Additional measures must be taken for mothers of children who have been admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with psychological support interventions and a reassessment of their mental state.

The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in the progression of lung tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Recent data reveal that disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) appear to play a key role in the development and progression of lung neoplasiaby driving immune system dysfunction and established immunosuppression, which is vital for evading the host immune response. As a consequence, in this review we will discuss the role and function of DTCs in immune cell signaling routes which trigger drug resistance and immunosuppression. We will also discuss the metabolic biology of DTCs, their dormancy, and their plasticity, which are critical for metastasis and drive lung tumor progression. Furthermore, we will consider the crosstalk between DTCs and myeloid cells in tumor-related immunosuppression. Specifically, we will investigate the molecular immune-related mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment that lead to decreased drug sensitivity and tumor relapse, along with strategies for reversing drug resistance and targeting immunosuppressive tumor networks. Deciphering these molecular mechanisms is essential for preclinical and clinical investigations in order to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, a better understanding of these immune cell signaling pathways that drive immune surveillance, immune-driven inflammation, and tumor-related immunosuppression is necessary for future personalized therapeutic approaches.