Summary. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was employed to estimate chromosomal genotypic diversity and relationships among 13 1 isolates of the non-motile SaZmonelZa biotypes Gallinarum and Pullorum (serotype 1, 9, 12: -: -) that cause fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively. Thirteen electrophoretic types (ETs), marking clones, were distinguished, and construction of a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree revealed three lineages : one consisted of five ETs of Gallinarum, a second included seven ETs of Pullorum, and a third was represented by a single ET (Ga/Pu 1) that is intermediate between those of the other two lineages in both multilocus enzyme genotype and biochemical properties. Enzyme genotype analysis and comparative nucleotide sequencing of the phase 1 flagellin gene WiC), the hook-associated protein 1 gene (fEgK), and the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene (gnd) identified serotype Enteritidis (1,9, 12: g, m: -) as a close relative of the non-motile salmonellae. In most strains of biotype Gallinarum, the fliC gene is complete, intact and identical in sequence to that of Enteritidis, but isolates of three ETs had a stop codon at position 495. ThefliC sequences of the ETs of Pullorum differed from that of Enteritidis in having non-synonymous changes in either two or three codons and a synonymous change in one codon. The sharing of distinctive alleles at three metabolic enzyme loci and a stop codon inflgK indicates that the non-motile salmonellae are monophyletic and that their most recent common ancestor was non-motile. Since diverging from that ancestor, the Pullorum lineage has evolved more rapidly than the Gallinarum and Ga/Pu 1 lineages.
SUMMARY. A two-tier system for biotyping Escherichia coli gave a fine and reliable differentiation of strains and is capable of future extension by the addition of new types and new tests. Strains were allocated to a primary biotype (1-16) by their reactions in four primary tests in culture media containing raffinose, sorbose, ornithine or dulcitol. Subtypes were distinguished within the primary biotypes by reactions in six secondary tests for rhamnose fermentation, lysine decarboxylation, aesculin hydrolysis, motility, type-1 fimbriation and prototrophy. Full biotypes were designated by letters indicating subtype reactions appended to primary type numbers.A series of 599 strains (1 242 cultures) of E. coli from diverse sources was classified into 16 primary biotypes and into 213 full biotypes. The biotype characters of a strain were generally stable during its spread in the natural environment and in non-selective media used for storage.
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