Juglans regia, commonly known as the Walnut tree, is a type of a deciduous tree. The tree has many important parts, the seed, bark, husk, leaves, oil, shell of the fruit and the kernel. The plant has been used in its crude form since ages. The kernel holds nutritional value. The leaves contain an essential oil which is extracted and used. The husk contains steroids and vitamins amongst other useful compounds. The leaves are used topically as antipyretic, analgesic, antidandruff and to heal burns. The bark is tough and has been used for mechanical tooth cleaning due to its tough fibrous texture. It contains Juglone as its main and most important constituent. Juglone works as an anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancerous agent. In dentistry it poses as an effective anti-plaque, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-cariogenic and tooth whitening material. It was concluded that in recent years, scientists and researchers have shown increasing interest towards the in depth understanding of the chemicals and compounds of the bark and its utilization in dental products towards improving dental treatment. The author would like to thank ORIC, Khyber Medical University for assistance in publication Reference No: KMU/ORIC/AR/005.
Juglans regia, commonly known as the Walnut tree, is a type of a deciduous tree. The tree has many important parts, the seed, bark, husk, leaves, oil, shell of the fruit and the kernel. The plant has been used in its crude form since ages. The kernel holds nutritional value. The leaves contain an essential oil which is extracted and used. The husk contains steroids and vitamins amongst other useful compounds. The leaves are used topically as antipyretic, analgesic, antidandruff and to heal burns. The bark is tough and has been used for mechanical tooth cleaning due to its tough fibrous texture. It contains Juglone as its main and most important constituent. Juglone works as an anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancerous agent. In dentistry it poses as an effective anti-plaque, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-cariogenic and tooth whitening material. It was concluded that in recent years, scientists and researchers have shown increasing interest towards the in depth understanding of the chemicals and compounds of the bark and its utilization in dental products towards improving dental treatment. The author would like to thank ORIC, Khyber Medical University for assistance in publication Reference No: KMU/ORIC/AR/005.
This study emphasizes on the amount of trans-boundary Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) present in the atmosphere of Pakistan as a consequence of various global volcanic eruptions, by using satellite data. The data products of SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) were used for the time period of 2004-2012. SO 2 columns retrieved with Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) technique were used to perform both spatial and temporal analyses. The Nabro volcano eruption during 2011 had caused high SO 2 columns over East Africa, Middle East and South Asian regions. Daily satellite observations were used to study SO 2 plume pathway during this event. Other significant volcanic eruptions and their effects on atmospheric composition of Pakistan are also discussed. Back trajectory analysis is also performed to track the origin of air masses enriched with SO 2 column densities detected over Pakistan. Maximum SO 2 column densities of 9.4 Dobson Units (DU) were measured over Pakistan caused by Dalafilla volcanic eruption during November 2008.
Objective: This systematic review discusses various materials used in repair of bone defects using 3D printing technology. The advantages, disadvantages and various properties of these materials have been highlighted in this systematic review.Materials and methods: A structured search of literature using major data bases like PubMed and Google Scholar were performed. Articles that fulfilled the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were appraised with respect to the key objectives of the review.Results: More research should be done in the field of bioinks for treating bone defects as this technique has many unexplored areas. The existing materials have major potential of being modified to further improve quality of treatment and ease of printability/manufacture. This will eventually enhance the overall quality of treatment. Conclusion: Treating bone defects with 3D printing has proven to be very successful. Many materials under these main 4 categories have been used as bioinks alone and in conjugation with other materials. Treating bone defects with 3D printed materials helps in achieving desired properties along with excellent aesthetics and outstanding postoperative results by increasing success rates. With that being stated, calcium phosphate composites have shown the most potential in treating bone defects via 3D printing. Their properties and results are ideal because of their similarity to the composition of natural bone.
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