Strengthening of the hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles associated with functional training improves dynamic lower limb alignment and increases the strength and functional performance.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the short term effects of an exercise program on abdominal and back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility among schoolchildren. Fifty eight healthy schoolchildren were divided into two groups: experimental (15 males and 14 females; mean age 12.2±1.8 years) and control (14 males and 15 females; mean age 11.9±2.1 years). The intervention was performed twice a week, on nonconsecutive days, during six weeks. The duration of each session was fifty minutes and they were composed by warming up aerobic exercises, isotonic and isometric abdominal and back muscle exercises and hamstring stretching. The intervention effects were evaluated through Kraus-Weber test (abdominal resistance), modified Biering-Sørensen test (back muscle resistance) and sit and reach test (hamstring flexibility). Data were analyzed by mixed-design two-way ANOVA, with one between-subjects and one within-subject (time) factors. The alpha level was set at P0.05. The experimental group improved back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility, but not abdominal muscles resistance. There was a significant interaction between groups and time for back muscles resistance (P=0.018) and for hamstring flexibility (P=0.017). The 6-week training period showed positive results in improving back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility of schoolchildren.
INTRODUÇÃO: Diversas pesquisas têm sido realizadas para determinar os fatores biomecânicos responsáveis pela maior incidência da síndrome da dor femoropatelar e das lesões do ligamento cruzado anterior em mulheres quando comparadas aos homens. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura não sistemática das diferenças biomecânicas entre os gêneros, especialmente aquelas referentes à articulação do quadril, potencialmente responsáveis pela maior incidência de lesões no joelho em mulheres, bem como verificar as suas implicações na elaboração de intervenções preventivas. METODOLOGIA: Artigos publicados entre 1985 e 2008 foram selecionados por dois revisores independentes nas seguintes bases de dados: LILACS, MEDLINE, Cochrane e PubMed. Foram selecionados estudos teóricos, transversais e de correlação, assim como ensaios clínicos controlados, com desenhos experimentais bem esclarecidos. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Os estudos selecionados revelaram que as mulheres realizam atividades funcionais com menores ângulos de flexão de joelho e quadril, assim como maior valgo dinâmico do joelho, adução e rotação medial do quadril. Sugere-se, ainda, que as diferenças observadas nos planos coronal e transversal do quadril são mais significativas para a instalação de lesões nas mulheres do que aquelas que ocorrem unicamente no plano sagital. Por fim, as pesquisas demonstram que o treino neuromuscular melhora o alinhamento dinâmico do membro inferior nas mulheres, diminuindo a incidência de lesões no joelho. CONCLUSÃO: Há evidências de que as mulheres apresentam diferenças biomecânicas do padrão de movimento do membro inferior, quando comparadas aos homens, que podem contribuir para as maiores incidências de lesões no joelho observadas nesse gênero.
Objective: To explore the relationship between ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and hip and knee muscle strength between patients with a history of patellar dislocation (PD) to healthy controls. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Orthopaedical specialty outpatient clinic at a tertiary hospital. Participants: 88 individuals were recruited; 44 individuals aged 16 years or older, of both sexes, with a history of at least one episode of atraumatic unilateral or bilateral PD requiring emergency care (14 males; 30 females; mean age 20 years) and 44 healthy (control) individuals (11 males; 33 females; mean age 21 years) matched for age, weight and height to PD cases. Intervention: Assessment of hip and knee strength and ankle dorsiflexion ROM. Outcome measures: Ankle dorsiflexion ROM was assessed through the lunge test with a goniometer. Hip and knee muscle strength was evaluated through isometric hand-held dynamometry. Differences between healthy and control individuals were assessed using Student T-Tests and Mann-Whitney U Test. Results: PD individuals presented with a reduced ankle dorsiflexion ROM (mean difference (MD): 9°; effect size (ES): 1.39; p<0.001) and generalised hip and knee weakness (MD range: 4.74 kgf to 31.4 kgf; ES range: 0.52 to 2.35; p<0.05) compared to healthy subjects. Conclusion: Individuals with a history of PD have reduced ankle dorsiflexion ROM and hip and knee muscle strength compared to healthy controls.
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