Nonenzymatic reactions of reducing sugars with primary amino groups of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, followed by oxidative degradations would lead to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). The AGEs exert multifactorial effects on cell damage leading to the onset of neurological disorders. The interaction of AGEs with the receptors for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) contribute to the activation of intracellular signaling and the expression of the pro-inflammatory transcription factors and various inflammatory cytokines. This inflammatory signaling cascade is associated with various neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), secondary effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and diabetic neuropathy, and other AGE-related diseases, including diabetes and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the imbalance of gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation are also associated with endothelial dysfunction, disrupted blood–brain barrier (BBB) and thereby the onset and progression of AD and other neurological diseases. AGEs and RAGE play an important role in altering the gut microbiota composition and thereby increase the gut permeability and affect the modulation of the immune-related cytokines. The inhibition of the AGE–RAGE interactions, through small molecule-based therapeutics, prevents the inflammatory cascade of events associated with AGE–RAGE interactions, and thereby attenuates the disease progression. Some of the RAGE antagonists, such as Azeliragon, are currently in clinical development for treating neurological diseases, including AD, although currently there have been no FDA-approved therapeutics based on the RAGE antagonists. This review outlines the AGE–RAGE interactions as a leading cause of the onset of neurological diseases and the current efforts on developing therapeutics for neurological diseases based on the RAGE antagonists.
Aims: A study was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on garden pea grown under water deficit stress condition to discover the efficacy of foliar application of SA on physiological and biochemical characteristics of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Kashi Nandni. Study Design: With three replications, the experiment was performed in a split plot design. Place and Duration of Study: Experiment was carried out in 2019-20 at Vegetable Research Centre, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.), India. Methodology: Main plots were assigned to irrigated and water deficit stress conditions, and subplots were associated to five dosages of SA (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 mM). During flowering stage, relative water content (RWC) of leaves, light transmission ratio (LTR), energy interception (EI) were recorded and total soluble solids (TSS) was detected at the time of harvest. Results: Finding of the research revealed that water deficit stress condition reduces the growth potential of plant via effecting the physiological and biochemical process of plant. The best drought protection was observed when the plant sprayed with 0.50 mM SA in RWC, light transmission %, energy interception and TSS content of garden pea. The analysis of variance shows that the effect of salicylic acid on all characteristics was significant. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, water deficit stress causes severe physiological and biochemical malfunctions in plants, resulting in a significant reduction in plant performance. Exogenous application of SA and its derivatives against abiotic stress has the potential to be very useful in agriculture and horticulture.
The portrayal of women in media advertisements, over the decades, has been about unrealistic body images, sexual objectification, physical beauty, and family roles. These advertisements affect the self-esteem and confidence of the female viewers and results in dissatisfaction and pressure to conform to certain body norms. It also affects the way women are perceived and sets men's expectations of a woman's appearance. A study was conducted on 313 respondents to understand the effects of such advertisements. It was observed that advertisements showing unrealistic body images of women pressurized them to conform to body norms. It was also observed that these advertisements affect the way women are accepted in the society. Men's perception of women and their expectations of women's appearance are also affected in the process. Majority of the respondents agreed that they would like to see more reality-based images in today's advertisements.
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