Problem statement: In this study, an attempt had been made to compare the performance of the reactive ad-hoc routing protocols using OPNET modeler with respect to increasing number of nodes in the network. Approach: In present study, we compared various reactive routing protocols such as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA), on the basis of their throughput by increasing number of nodes in the network. Results: Comparative study of routing protocols on the basis of throughput of a network on the basis of number of increasing nodes in the network. Conclusion/Recommendations: Three routing protocols are being studied on the basis of the throughput of the network with respect to the number of increasing nodes in the network and had been concluded that TORA performs better for if the number of nodes in a network are increased
Context:Thyroid nodules represent a common problem, with an estimated prevalence of 4–7%. Although fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been accepted as a first line diagnostic test, the rate of false negative reports of malignancy is still high. Nuclear morphometry is the measurement of nuclear parameters by image analysis. Image analysis can merge the advantages of morphologic interpretation with those of quantitative data.Aims:To evaluate the nuclear morphometric parameters in fine needle aspirates of thyroid lesions and to study its role in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid lesions.Material and Methods:The study included 19 benign and 16 malignant thyroid lesions. Image analysis was performed on Giemsa-stained FNAC slides by Nikon NIS-Elements Advanced Research software (Version 4.00). Nuclear morphometric parameters analyzed included nuclear size, shape, texture, and density parameters.Statistical Analysis:Normally distributed continuous variables were compared using the unpaired t-test for two groups and analysis of variance was used for three or more groups. Tukey or Tamhane's T2 multiple comparison test was used to assess the differences between the individual groups. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi square test.Results and Conclusion:Five out of the six nuclear size parameters as well as all the texture and density parameters studied were significant in distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid lesions (P < 0.05). Cut-off values were derived to differentiate between benign and malignant cases.
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