?-Amylase has been in increasing demand in industries due to its hydrolytic nature. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a cost effective method for increasing the enzyme production. In the present study, amylase from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 1483 was produced in large quantity by solid state fermentation using paddy straw as substrate. Response surface methodology is a useful tool for optimizing many parameters at a time and is used for increasing the amylase production. 8523 IUg-1 of enzyme activity was obtained under optimized conditions which lead to 35 fold increase in the yield of amylase from unoptimized condition.
Cost-effective production of bioethanol from waste material is becoming the need of the hour to combat the exhaustive nature of fossil fuel. In this study, bioethanol was produced from microwave-pretreated kitchen waste at high dry material consistency. Pretreatment was performed for 30 min at a constant power of 90 W. Liquefaction/saccharification was done with in-house produced amylase from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 1483. The liquefaction step was optimized using response surface modeling. Three factors, viz. pH, concentration of dry substrate and amylase, were optimized by using reducing sugar and ethanol yield as response. The optimum conditions of input parameters obtained were pH 7.5, dry material 40% (w/v) and amylase 15 IU g −1. The process developed in the present study leads to 0.129 g ml −1 , i.e., 0.32 g per g biomass ethanol production. The novelty of the manuscript lies in the fact that no acid/alkali hydrolysis was carried out for the release of reducing sugar. Instead, microwave treatment was carried out at low power for longer time so as to release maximum sugar. The cost incurred in bioethanol production was also estimated by taking cost of chemicals, instruments and operating cost in account. The total cost of bioethanol produced in the present study was calculated as 0.143 $/l of ethanol. A 8.32-fold decrease in price of ethanol produced in the present study was observed when compared to the market selling price of ethanol. This makes the developed process economically and industrially feasible.
Protease has been in increasing demand in industries due to its hydrolytic nature. In industries, high yield of enzyme is required to meet the industrial need at a relatively cheaper cost. In the present study, the protease from Bacillus sp. MSK-01 was produced in large quantity by submerged fermentation. Statistical techniques including Plackett-Burman and Response surface methodology are useful tools for optimizing many parameters at a time and are used for increasing the protease production from Bacillus sp. MSK-01. 19 different parameters were chosen, out of which 15 factors had positive effect on protease yield. Four maximum influencing factors were peptone, magnesium sulphate, skim milk powder and casein were chosen to further increase the protease yield. 397.3 IU ml-1 of enzyme yield was obtained under optimized conditions which lead to 198 fold increase in the yield of protease from unoptimized condition.
Breast cancer is varying group of tumors in terms of disease prognosis. Breast cancer is found as second main cause of death related with cancer. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is an important regulator of cell cycle. CCND1over expressed in various human cancers like head, oesophageal, neck, squamous, colon, breast, prostateetc. Many studies have conducted to find correlation between polymorphism in CCND1 gene and development of breast cancer. Some studies found certain genotypes related with risk of breast cancer development. Some studies also proposed the role of varying genetic backgrounds in breast cancer development. This review focuses on role of CCND1 polymorphism and possible risk factors associated with breast cancer, which may explicate the breast cancer screening, prevention, and treatments strategies for future use.
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