The N(2)O : N(2) product ratio of denitrification is negatively correlated with soil pH, but the mechanisms involved are not clear. We compared soils from field experiments where the pH had been maintained at different levels (pH 4.0-8.0) by liming (> or = 20 years), and quantified functional gene pools (nirS, nirK and nosZ), their transcription and gas kinetics (NO, N(2)O and N(2)) of denitrification as induced by anoxic incubation with and without a carbon substrate (glutamate). Denitrification in unamended soil appeared to be based largely on the activation of a pre-existing denitrification proteome, because constant rates of N(2) and N(2)O production were observed, and the transcription of functional genes was below the detection level. In contrast, glutamate-amended soils showed sharp peaks in the transcripts of nirS and nosZ, increasing the rates of denitrification and pH-dependent transient accumulation of N(2)O. The results indicate that the high N(2)O : N(2) product ratio at low pH is a post-transcriptional phenomenon, because the transcription rate of nosZ relative to that of nirS was higher at pH 6.1 than at pH 8.0. The most plausible explanation is that the translation/assembly of N(2)O reductase is more sensitive to low pH than that of the other reductases involved in denitrification.

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The Longyearbyen CO2 Lab of Svalbard, Norway was established to estimate the potential for geological carbon sequestration at Spitsbergen. Several monitoring wells were drilled in and around the planned CO2 injection site. These revealed a Triassic to Cretaceous stratigraphy consisting of (from top to bottom) a zone of permafrost, the aquifer, the caprock shale, and the upper, middle and lower reservoir. This paper uses two tools to investigate fluid communication within and between these entities: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of formation waters extracted from cores using the residual salt analysis (RSA) method, and the δ 13 C of gases, principally methane and CO2, degassed from core samples. The Sr RSA data reveal that the upper reservoir rocks have very constant formation water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in wells several kilometres apart, suggesting good lateral communication on a geological timescale. However, there is a distinct barrier to vertical communication within the middle reservoir, indicated by a step change in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, corresponding to thin but presumably laterally extensive (>1.5 km) lagoonal mudrocks. The aquifer, which shows a gradient in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, is also interpreted to have some degree of vertical internal communication on a geological time scale. The caprock shale shows large-scale (over 350 m) smooth vertical gradient in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr. This is indicative of an ongoing mixing process between high-87 Sr/ 86 Sr waters within the caprock and lower-87 Sr/ 86 Sr waters in the underlying reservoir. Diffusion and flow modelling of the Sr data suggest that at some time in the past shale, fluid transport properties were enhanced by the formation of temporary pressure escape features (fractures or chimneys) during deep burial and uplift or cycles of glaciation. Nevertheless, the smooth compositional gradient in the caprock indicates that fluid mixing has subsequently taken place slowly, dominated by diffusion. This 3 interpretation is supported by the gas isotope data, where systematic variations in gas δ 13 C values also indicate slow and incomplete diffusional fluid mixing. These are positive indicators for caprock effectiveness during a CO2 injection project.