Ageratum houstonianum Mill (A. houstonianum) is a widespread, highly invasive, and drought-resistant annual semi-shrub easily found in the pasture fields. It is called Gandhey Jhar locally. This study was conducted at the livestock farm of Rampur Campus, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal, to determine the clinical progression and clinical parameters in A. houstonianum intoxicated goats to diagnose its toxicosis in small ruminants. Full blossomed A. houstonianum was fed ad libitum to six goats until the death of the animals. The time to develop the clinical signs and symptoms in goats ranged from 22 to 49 days. All the goats exhibited similar symptoms and signs such as stiffness of the neck, low temperature, respiratory distress, low pulse, anorexia, ruminal atony, general weakness, and finally, recumbency till death. After the onset of clinical symptoms, the entire clinical course persisted for 10-15 hours, followed by death. Two goats died on the 22nd day, and the rest goats died on 27th, 46th, 48th, and 49th days respectively. Hematologic examination revealed a significant decrease in hemoglobin and an increase in total WBC count. The serum biochemical values showed substantial alterations in ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, albumin, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, glucose, urea nitrogen, and creatinine concentrations. These biochemical changes suggested hepatic and renal dysfunction. Therefore, clinical signs, hematology, and serum biochemistry can be of optimal diagnostic value for the A. houstonianum intoxication in goats.
SETTING: Twenty poultry farms in five provinces of Nepal were selected for studying bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns.OBJECTIVE: To document the proportion of cloacal swabs collected from 3,230 broiler and 3,230 layer chickens from September to December 2021 that grew isolates of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. along with their AMR patterns.DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study.RESULTS: In broiler birds, Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and E. coli were identified in respectively 36%, 39% and 63% of swabs. In layer birds, Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and E. coli were identified in respectively 31%, 48% and 60% of swabs. For both bird types, there was variation in bacterial prevalence between the regions. For all three bacterial isolates, the lowest antimicrobial resistance was found with amikacin. For the other nine antibiotics tested, >50% of bacterial isolates showed resistance; between 60% and 90% of isolates showed resistance to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance ranged from 45% to 46% for Salmonella spp., 37–44% for E. coli and 13–17% for Enterococcus spp.CONCLUSION: This study shows that a large proportion of poultry in Nepal are infected with potentially pathogenic bacteria, and these are frequently resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Nepal urgently needs to implement corrective measures.
The aim of this study was to establish the reference values for hematology and serum biochemistry of pre-parturient Murrah crossbred buffaloes of Western Chitwan (Bharatpur Metropolitancity). The study was cross-sectional in which31 apparently healthy pregnant Murrah cross buffaloes ranging from 5-8 years were selected randomly after confirmation by rectal palpation. Blood samples collected from jugular vein were stored in EDTA tubes for hematological analysis and for biochemical analysis centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 20 minutes to separate serum after 1 hour of collection. Hematological indices were determined manually using routine laboratory techniques and serum biochemicals were analysed using automated analyzer (Dimension RXL). Serum biochemicals like Glucose, BUN, Creatinine, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, AST, ALT, total serum Protein and albumin level were found within the normal range. Similarly, hematologic indices Hb, PCV, Platelet counts, RBC counts, WBC counts, and differential leukocyte counts were also in normal ranges. However, eosinophil (7.83±0.82), and monocyte (4.4±0.53) counts were higher at significant numbers which suggests gastrointestinal parasitic infestations and/or allergic diseases along with some chronic infectious diseases in the buffalo herd of Bharatpur Metropolitancity in western Chitwan.
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