Sexual dimorphism is the condition where individuals of different sex in the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs. In this study, individuals of a viviparid species Filopaludina martensi from the Kwai Yai River in Kanchanaburi Province (Thailand) were examined for eight shell and operculum characteristics. Sexual differences were observed in size of shell and operculum, with females being larger than males. The results indicated that morphometric analyses are useful to detect subtle differences between sexes in this species.
Heavy metal pollution in the water supply is a serious environmental problem that affects human health around the world. The goal of this study was to investigate the adsorption behaviour of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and corn stalk (CS) biomass for Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from metal-contaminated water. When the doses of biomass were increased in solutions containing Pb(II) and Cd(II), the SB and CS showed a trend of increasing metal removal efficiency. The removal efficiency of biomass for Pb(II) decreased as the pH of the solution increased from 5.0 to 7.0, with an optimum pH range of 5 to 6. However, pH has little influence on the removal efficiency of biomass for Cd(II). Adsorption equilibrium is reached in about 15 min. Adsorption for at least four cycles improves Pb(II) removal efficiency (up to 98 %) in solutions containing only Pb(II). The best fitness of the adsorption isotherm to Freundlich suggests multilayer adsorption of metal ions onto CS. Higher qmax and Kf suggest that SB and CS have a greater affinity for Pb(II) than for Cd(II). Pb(II) adsorption potential was found in biomass derived from SB and CS, but it was less effective as a Cd(II) adsorbent. For application in environmental clean-up, we suggest further study on the structural modification of biomass to enhance its metal removal capacity, the regeneration of biomass for better results, and field trials for practical application. HIGHLIGHTS The adsorption behaviour of sugarcane bagasse and corn stalk biomass for Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from metal-contaminated water was studied The removal efficiency of Pb(II) increases with increased doses of biomass and decreases with increased solution pH and metal initial concentrations Adsorption for at least four cycles improves metal removal efficiency in the case of Pb(II) Freundlich’s isotherm suggests multilayer adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) onto corn stalk biomass Higher qmax and Kf values suggest that sugarcane bagasse and corn stalk have a higher affinity for Pb(II) than Cd(II)
Mosses have often been used for biomonitoring because of their diversity of habitats, structural simplicity, and rapid multiplication rate. This research aimed to study the tolerance of heavy metal in 3 species of terricolous mosses i.e., Barbula consanguinea, Hyophila apiculata, and H. involuta. The gametophores of mosses were immersed at 4 concentrations of each of the heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Zn as well as in controls with no heavy metal. After 10, 20, and 30 days of exposure, mosses were extracted for chlorophyll-a in ethanol. The extracted chlorophyll-a was analyzed by spectrophotometer at 664 nm. The results revealed that the amount of chlorophyll-a in all species decreased with increasing concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn. The degree of metal toxicity for all species was Cd > Pb > Zn. By comparing the ratio of extracted chlorophyll-a in heavy metal-treated mosses to chlorophyll-a extracted in control mosses, the tolerance against 3 heavy metals in 3 mosses was H. involuta ≥ H. apiculata > B. consanguinea. Possibly, H. involuta can be used for biomonitoring of heavy metals in contaminated environments in the future. HIGHLIGHTS Mosses are often used for biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution because of their habitat diversity, structural simplicity, and rapid growth Three Thai mosses treated with Cd, Pb, and Zn showed a trend of a decrease in chlorophyll-a content with increasing concentrations of the metals The degree of metal toxicity for the mosses was Cd > Pb > Zn Among the three moss species, Hyophila involuta may be used for biomonitoring of heavy metals in contaminated environments in the future GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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