Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are one of the changes that are directly affected by human activities which are largely driven by socio-economic factors. Knowing, analyzing and modeling LULC change transformation plays an important role in planning, management and decision making activities. The purpose of this study is to develop LULC projection models using CA-Markov analysis to predict LULC in 2034 in Mamuju Subdistrict as the city centre of Mamuju Regency which has a rapid change in LULC. Inputs used in this research are data on river networks, roads, public facilities, LULC 2009, LULC 2014 and LULC 2019. The results showed that for 25 years (2009-2034) forest dominated land cover in Mamuju Subdistrict and settlement into LULC classes which has increased. In 2034, settlements have an area of 5.88% of the total study area or grow by 4.93% over the period of 2009-2034. The CA-Markov model used in predicting LULC changes was validated and produced a kappa coefficient of 0.969 (96.9%) which showed that the model had successfully predicted LULC changes in the study area.
Trigonometrically graded media of anisotropic diffusion coefficient are under consideration. Boundary value problems (BVPs) of such kind of media, governed by a Helmholtz type equation, are solved numerically using a boundary element method (BEM). A technique of transforming the variable coefficient governing equation to a constant coefficient equation is utilized for deriving a boundary integral equation. Some particular problems are considered to illustrate the application of the BEM. The results show convergence, accuracy and consistency between the scattering and flow solutions. The results also show efficiency of the BEM procedure for producing the solutions in a short elapsed computation time length. Moreover the results indicate the effect of large wave number on the accuracy and the impact of the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the material on the solutions.
In this paper, interior 2D-BVPs for anisotropic FGMs governed by the Helmholtz equation with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are considered. The governing equation involves diffusivity and wave number coefficients which are spatially varying. The anisotropy of the material is presented in the diffusivity coefficient. And the inhomogeneity is described by both diffusivity and wave number. Three types of the gradation function considered are quadratic, exponential and trigonometric functions. A technique of transforming the variable coefficient governing equation to a constant coefficient equation is utilized for deriving a boundary integral equation. And a standard BEM is constructed from the boundary integral equation to find numerical solutions. Some particular examples of BVPs are solved to illustrate the application of the BEM. The results show the accuracy of the BEM solutions, especially for large wave numbers. They also show coherence between the flow vectors and scattering solutions, and the effect of the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the material on the BEM solutions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.