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Use of nanomaterials in the field of science and technology includes different fields in food industry, medicine, agriculture and cosmetics. Nanoparticle-based sensors have wide range of applications in food industry for identification and detection of chemical contaminants, pathogenic bacteria, toxins and fungal toxins from food materials with high specificity and sensitivity. Nanoparticle-microbe interactions play a significant role in disease treatment in the form of antimicrobial agents. The inhibitory mechanism of nanoparticles against different bacteria and fungi includes release of metal ions that interacts with cellular components through various pathways including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, pore formation in cell membranes, cell wall damage, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest and ultimately inhibits the growth of cells. Nanoparticle-based therapies are growing to study the therapeutic treatments of plant diseases and to prevent the growth of phytopathogens leading to the growing utilization of engineered nanomaterials. Hence, with this background, the present review focuses thoroughly on detailed actions and responses of nanomaterials against different bacteria and fungi as well as food sensing and storage.

Arsenic (As) negatively affects plant development. Using rice as a model, this study evaluates how the application of silicon (10 µM Si) can favour the formation of adventitious roots under arsenate stress (50 µM As V) as a mechanism to mitigate its negative effects. Indeed, the simultaneous application of As V and Si up-regulated the expression of genes involved in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism (OsNOA1), cell cycle progression (G2-M, OsCDKA1), auxin (IAA, indole-3-acetic acid) biosynthesis (OsYUCCA1 and OsTAA1) and transport (OsPIN1, OsPIN5 and OsPIN10) and Si uptake (OsLsi1 and OsLsi2), which accompanied adventitious root formation. Furthermore, Si triggered the expression and activity of MDHAR and DHAR involved in ascorbate recycling. The treatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of NO generation, significantly suppressed adventitious root formation, even in the presence of Si; however, supplying NO in the growth media rescued its effects. The data obtained suggest that both NO and IAA are essential for Si-mediated adventitious root formation under As V stress. Interestingly, TIBA (a polar auxin transport inhibitor) suppressed adventitious root formation, even in the presence of Si and SNP (an NO donor), suggesting that Si is involved in a mechanism whereby a cellular signal is triggered and requires NO formation first and, then, IAA.

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