The intense agricultural machinery traffic over the plantation ground can lead the erosion and growth difficulty. The goal of this study was to evaluate the soya bean yield after the implantation of species named “recoverable”, of soil structure. The experiment was developed in plots of 20 m × 25 m, located in the Agronomic Institute of Parana (IAPAR), in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná. The plots were cultivated by direct sowing of the following species, considered as treatments: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) beside them no-tillage and no-cover crop planting traditional system (control). Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm-layers with 4 repetitions on each treatment. Soil density and porous soil space were also determined. The plot yield of soybean grains was evaluated over an area of 4.5 m2 for each treatment and grain moisture corrected to 13%. The treatments’ mean yields were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. The dwarf pigeon pea and the rattlebox were the most efficient cover crops in the reduction of soil bulk density in 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths. The soybean grain yield did not differ between the evaluated treatments, possibly due to the good precipitation conditions during the soybean growing cycle.
The beneficial effects to the soil, when using cover crops, are numerous, such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, breaking of the cycle of pests and diseases, soil structuring and addition of dry matter. This makes the subsequent crop better able to express its productive potential. The nitrogen is a key element for any plant, especially in the early stages of crop development. In this way, the purpose of this study work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen doses on the grain yield of soybeans grown on black oat and forage pea straw in a clayey Latosol in the western region of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), in the regional hub of Santa Tereza do Oeste. The local soil is classified as a typical Dystrophic Red Latosol. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with five replicates. The treatments consisted of nitrogen doses of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 applied in a broadcasting cover, without incorporation, using urea as a nitrogen source, at 20 days after emergence when the plants were in stage V3. The soil physical attributes were bulk density, total porosity, microporosity, and macroporosity. In the soybean crop, the production components evaluated were: plant height, 100-grain weight, and grain yield of grains. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, in which, for the quantitative factors, a regression analysis was performed and, for the qualitative characteristics, the Tukey test (p < 0.05) was performed. The mineral addition of nitrogen did not lead to an increase in grain yield of the cultivated soybean on the species of oat or forage pea cover. Thus, it can be stated that in well-structured clayey Latosols with high fertility, the nitrogen present in the soil organic matter and what was fixed symbiotically is sufficient to supply the nitrogen demand for the soybean crop.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of changes in soil management and crop rotation on a clayey Oxisol under no-tillage system in nutrient cycling and soybean yield. The experiment was conducted in the 2014/2015 harvest, at the Agronomic Institute of Parana (IAPAR), at the Experimental Station of Santa Tereza do Oeste, in a clayey Oxisol, in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The management systems evaluated were: no-tillage system (control), no-tillage system with scarification (NTSS) and no-tillage system with gypsum application (NTSG), and six treatments involving crop rotation with species reclaimers of structure: pearl millet, dwarf pigeon pea, sunn hemp, pigeon pea, rattlebox and velvet bean. The attributes/chemical characteristics of the soil were evaluated: phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), organic carbon (C), soil acidity (pH), aluminum (Al3+), potential acidity (H++Al3+), base sum (BS), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V), aluminum saturation (Al*) in the layers 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, after the application of treatments and cultivation of soil cover species. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means of the treatments compared by the Tukey test at 5 % of significance. The pigeon pea provided higher phosphorus cycling (63.67 mg dm-3), velvet bean, larger magnesium cycling (4.25 cmolc dm-3) and higher values of organic carbon (27.67 g dm-3) in the layer of 0.05-0.10 m. The yield of grains, number of plants per meter and mass of 100 soybean grains did not present significant differences among the evaluated treatments.
O conhecimento da taxa de infiltração da água no solo é de fundamental importância para o uso e manejo apropriado do solo, além de auxiliar no planejamento de técnicas de irrigação e drenagem. A modelagem matemática é indicada como uma ferramenta capaz de antecipar acontecimentos e apontar alternativas que conduzam a manutenção produtiva do ambiente, e diante da dificuldade da obtenção dos dados de infiltração de água à campo, uma forma rápida para obtenção de dados, é pelo uso de chuva simulada que proporciona simulações em condições que nem sempre podem ser representadas em campo. Desse modo, este trabalho tem por finalidade simular em condições de laboratório o efeito da precipitação, da declividade e da quantidade da palha sobre o solo, na taxa de infiltração de água no solo por meio de um simulador de chuva e desenvolver um modelo de predição da infiltração. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio da Regressão Múltipla e, com auxílio do Software R Studio formulou-se o modelo que descreveu a relação dessas variáveis com a infiltração de água no solo. A quantidade de palha teve maior influência sobre a taxa de infiltração, comparada aos outros fatores analisados, ao passo que a precipitação teve menor influência. De modo que se a quantidade de palha for garantida, mesmo com grandes intensidades de chuva, a infiltração de água no solo ocorrerá de forma satisfatória, se as condições estruturais do solo permitir. O modelo ajustado apresentou boa qualidade, com todos os coeficientes significativos a 5%.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo modelar matematicamente as perdas de água e solo em um Latossolo argiloso com diferentes sistemas de manejo, por meio dos atributos físicos de solo e da cobertura vegetal. A área experimental localizou-se no município de Santa Tereza do Oeste – PR, em lavoura de soja. Os tratamentos consistiram em três sistemas de manejo: sistema plantio direto tradicional, sistema plantio direto gessado, sistema plantio direto com escarificação e doze tratamentos de sistema plantio direto com espécies de cobertura em consórcio ou não, denominadas “recuperadoras” de estrutura do solo. Os dados de perdas de água e solo foram coletados a cada precipitação nas calhas coletoras instaladas em cada tratamento ao longo do ciclo da soja. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado. Foi utilizado o software Statistica para o ajuste de curva das perdas de água e solo e foram gerados submodelos para estimar valores da palha e cobertura verde ao longo do ciclo da soja. De modo geral, as maiores perdas estão relacionadas com maior densidade e menor macroporosidade do solo, enquanto a relação entre a massa seca da palha e a cobertura verde foi inversamente proporcional. A utilização de função definida por partes para modelar matematicamente foi adequada para estimar valores de cobertura verde ao longo do ciclo da soja.
The present study aimed to evaluate the initial development of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius) after different periods of seed hydration. For the study two experiments were evaluated. At first, an experiment was performed with 0, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 360 hours of seed hydration, and in the second moment, another with 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours of hydration. The experimental design for the two experiments was completely randomized, with four replicates and six treatments. After 30 days of conduction of the experiments were analyzed the percentage of emergency, index of emergency speed, average time of emergency and average speed of emergency. The evaluated morphological characteristics were plant height, stem diameter, root length, fresh shoot and root mass and dry shoot mass. Hydration of seeds in considerable proportions positively influences the emergence and development of safflower plants. The highest performance in the emergence of plants, size, accumulation of fresh and dry shoot mass and fresh root mass was obtained by the IAPAR genotype, which stood out in relation to the other. The greatest emergencies were obtained with seeds with 36 hours of hydration, and the lowest emergence was found after 72 hours under hydration.
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