a b s t r a c tIn the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens), daily fluctuations in abundance have been analyzed based on sequential counts of the number of animals hauled-out. However, no studies have analyzed haul-out activity in relation to an annual cycle or according to different age/sex classes. The objective of this study was to determine the daily and seasonal haul-out patterns of each age/sex class of South American sea lions as a function of the time of the day. A total of 222 days were analyzed in a breeding colony of Chile, from May 2008 to December 2010. During the non-breeding season (March to December) males, females, and juveniles showed a unimodal pattern, in which few sea lions are hauled-out in the morning and maximum numbers are found in the rookery during the early afternoon (1330-1630). In contrast, during the breeding season (austral summer) the proportion of individuals hauled-out shifted from a unimodal to a bimodal pattern, especially in the case of juveniles. Our results indicate that there are fine scale differences in haul-out behavior among age/sex classes, as well as larger scale seasonal differences in the proportion of sea lions ashore. These differences appear to be related to reproductive activities, food availability and thermoregulatory requirements. These patterns of seasonal variability of South American sea lion haul-out should be taken into consideration when planning surveys to estimate population abundance.

Coastal storms have increased in recent decades, affecting many species, including the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia). Reports of stranded sea lion pups are becoming common in Chile, presumably due to the increase in the frequency and intensity of coastal storms. to validate this assumption, a 10-year database was built by coupling wave generation and coastal propagation models to correlate pure wave parameters (significant wave height Hs, peak period Tp, normalized wave power Hs 2 Tp) and wave parameters including the tidal level (maximum surface elevation η, modified wave power η 2 Tp) with records of stranded pups in Cobquecura, the largest breeding colony in central chile. the correlation between the number of pups stranded per day and wave parameters in the first half of January and the last half of February is poor, while they are stronger for the second half of January and the first half of February. The higher number of stranded pups coincide with coastal storms with normalized wave power values exceeding a threshold of 100 m 2 /s. Conversely, below this threshold there is wide dispersion between the number of strandings and wave parameters. identifying wave parameter thresholds could be used to predict when newborn pups will be most affected by coastal storms, and thus help institutions to develop remediation techniques for animals at risk. Climate variability and change in the marine environment are emerging issues that have been reported to affect a wide range of species in different ways 1-4. Signs of climate change include changes in air and sea surface temperatures, a rise in the absolute mean sea level, changes in salinity, ocean acidification, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, among others 5. All of these signs are causing shifts in the abundance and distribution of several species, loss of habitat and changes in survival rates and breeding success. Some responses have been relatively consistent among species, such as a general advance in the timing of breeding and the migration of several bird species 6,7. However, other responses, like population size and breeding success are less consistent, and vary by species and location 8,9. Most studies on climate change in marine environments have focused on the rise in temperature and changes in the availability of resources 10,11. Other effects, such as the occurrence of coastal storms, have been overlooked, even though extreme events are expected to become more common over time, as they are associated with climate

No abstract

Resumen.-Se han descrito tácticas reproductivas para machos y hembras en sistemas reproductivos poligínicos, dentro de las cuales, una respuesta conductual sexo-específico sería esperable para maximizar el éxito reproductivo. El presente estudio da cuenta de un seguimiento conductual del lobo marino común Otaria flavescens durante la época reproductiva (ER) y no reproductiva (ENR) en el Santuario de la Naturaleza Lobería Cobquecura, Chile central. Se registraron patrones conductuales de machos, hembras, juveniles y crías entre mayo de 2008 y diciembre de 2009. Los machos presentaron más registros de conductas asociadas a agresión, desplazamiento y reconocimiento durante ER, mientras que la conducta descanso fue mayor durante ENR. Hembras y juveniles presentaron mayores registros de reconocimiento durante ENR mientras que las otras categorías conductuales no presentaron diferencias entre ER y ENR. Las conductas agresivas por parte de los machos así como las relacionadas al cuidado parental por parte de las hembras podrían ser estrategias conductuales desarrolladas por ambos sexos para asegurar la viabilidad poblacional. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de los patrones conductuales reproductivos de la especie y forma parte de uno de los seguimientos conductuales reproductivos más continuos desarrollados en la actualidad en el lobo marino común. Dado que el estudio se realiza en un área protegida dentro del marco legal de Santuario de la Naturaleza, los resultados expuestos serán de utilidad para futuras comparaciones con loberas reproductivas afectadas por actividad antrópica. Palabras clave: Sistema reproductivo poligínico, comportamiento reproductivo, otáridos, Otaria flavescens, ChileAbstract.-In a polygynous mating system males and females have different reproductive strategies; so it is expectable that both sexes have evolved different reproductive behavioral responses to maximize their reproductive success. We analyze the behavior of different sex/age classes of Otaria flavescens during breeding (BS) and non-breeding seasons (NBS) at a Nature Sanctuary breeding colony, central Chilean coast. From May 2008 to December 2009 data of males, females, juveniles and pups were recorded. Males performed more aggression, locomotion and recognizing behaviors during the BS, while they mostly rested during the NBS. Females and juveniles performed more recognizing behavior in the NBS, while the other behavior categories did not show differences between the NBS and the BS. As reproductive behavioral strategies, male aggression and maternal care may increase the overall population viability. This study contributed to a better understanding of the reproductive behavior patterns of this species based on what is to our knowledge the most continuous monitoring of a South American sea lion breeding colony. Since the study has been undertaken in a Nature Sanctuary, the results may be used as a baseline to compare with behavioral data from colonies perturbed by human activities.

Local productivity is essentially important for colonial species, such as seabirds and otariids (fur seals and sea lions). These species are central place foragers and income breeders that combine foraging ABSTRACT: In otariids, the condition and growth of offspring are linked to prey availability be cause females show a strong dependence on local food availability. Thus, it is expected that body condition of sea lion pups will vary spatially and/or temporally as a response to variations in the abundance of prey species on which females feed. The objective of this study was to analyze the geographic and temporal variation in the body condition of South American sea lion Otaria flavescens pups in Chile, and to relate it to spatio-temporal variations in prey availability. We captured 340 live pups in 2 distant colonies, Punta Patache/Punta Negra and Cobquecura, along the Chilean coast during consecutive breeding seasons. A morphometric index of pup body condition was estimated by comparing pups in all years using least-squares linear regression of the log 10 -transformed measurements of standard length vs. body mass. We analyzed the relationship between this index and estimates of fish biomass (as a proxy of prey availability) at each locality. We found that body condition was significantly different between years and between colonies, suggesting that animals of the central-south area were in better condition than those in the north. A positive relationship between body condition and fish biomass was found, suggesting that differences in body condition may be explained by spatial and temporal differences in prey availability.

620Diferencias en la percepción de inseguridad a nivel cognitivo y emocional de acuerdo al perfil sociodemográfico y político. Estudio del Gran Concepción, Chile.Differences in the perception of insecurity on a cognitive and emotional level according to sociodemographic and political profile. Study in the Great Concepción, Chile. ResumenEl presente estudio evalúa la percepción de inseguridad en el conurbano del Gran Concepción, el segundo centro urbano más poblado de Chile. Se evaluó la probabilidad estimada de ser víctima de delito (dimensión cognitiva) y preocupación por ser víctima de delito (dimensión emocional). Para esto, se construyó y aplicó un "Cuestionario de Percepción de Inseguridad (CPI)", tipo Likert de 18 reactivos a una muestra consecutiva de 369 casos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los resultados del CPI (porcentajes, media y DE) y se realizaron comparaciones según el perfil sociodemográfico y político mediante análisis bi-variados (ANOVA y t-Student) y pruebas post hoc (HSD de Tukey), con el propósito de identificar aquellos grupos que poseen mayores o menores niveles de inseguridad percibida. Se identificaron diferencias significativas según tramo etario, sexo y nivel educacional, pero no de acuerdo a la tendencia política.Palabras clave: Percepción de riesgo de victimización, preocupación por el delito, miedo al delito. AbstractThe article presents the results obtained by the "Insecurity Perception Questionnaire (IPQ)", constructed and applied to a consecutive sample of 369 cases in the area of Greater FUENTEALBA, Pablo; ROJAS, Juan Sebastián; BARRIGA, Omar. "Diferencias en la percepción de inseguridad a nivel cognitivo y emocional de acuerdo al perfil sociodemográfico y político. Estudio del Gran Concepción, Chile". 621Concepción, Chile. It measured "Concerns about becoming a victim of crime" (emotional dimension) and "Estimated Probability of becoming a victim of crime" (cognitive dimension) using 18 Likert type items. We present the descriptive results (percentages, mean and SD) and bivariate analyses (ANOVA and T-test) and post hoc tests (Tukey HSD). Comparisons according to sociodemographic and political profile are performed, with the aim of identifying whether those groups have higher or lower levels of perceived insecurity in the emotional and cognitive dimensions. Significant differences were observed according to age group, sex and educational level, but not according to political affiliation.

Long-term studies that monitor changes in the abundance of pinnipeds are particularly relevant given that these long-lived species are considered to be indicators of the quality of the ecosystems around them. We report a continuous record of the total abundance by sex and age-classes of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) in Cobquecura, the most important breeding colony in central Chile over a twelve-year period (2008 to 2020). We also analysed the demographic trends in South American sea lion abundance at this location. A total of 110 and 43 sea/land based and aerial censuses were performed over the studied period, respectively. The number of sea lions on land was highest in the summer months, which corresponds to the breeding season of the species. The abundance ranged from a minimum of 870 to a maximum of 4,531 individuals from sea/landbased observations, and from 796 to 4,854 from aerial censuses. This variation was mainly influenced by the number of adult females, the most abundant age-class in the colony. On the contrary, adult and sub-adult males were least abundant in the population. The highest numbers of pups were registered in February of each year, ranging from 448 in February 2009 to 1,214 in February 2017. During the study period, we estimated a finite growth rate (k) of 1.031, suggesting an increase in the population size in the colony, especially in the number of pups. Considering Cobquecura is highly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance, developing effective longterm protection through adequate management is critical to better conserve the South American sea lion in the most important breeding colony in central Chile.

Los problemas asociados a estereotipos, discriminación y brecha de género, atraviesan a las diversas instituciones sociales, incluidas aquellas encargadas de administrar justicia. El artículo buscó conocer si el perfil sociodemográfico, el escalafón de pertenencia, variables de género y las características del tribunal de trabajo influyen en las representaciones de género en el PJUD. El tema es relevante en el marco de los compromisos internacionales de DDHH adquiridos por Chile y de la Política de igualdad de género y no discriminación del PJUD.