This article describes a neutral particle analyzer/isotope separator (ISEP) developed for measurement of the relative hydrogen isotope composition of Joint European Torus (JET) plasmas. The ISEP deployed on the JET can be regarded as a prototype of an instrument proposed for measurement of the spatial profile of the ratio of the density of deuterium and tritium ions in the plasma, nD(r)/nT(r), in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The ISEP makes simultaneous measurements of the energy distribution of efflux of hydrogen isotope atoms (H, D, and T) from the plasma. From such measurements it is possible to deduce the radial profile of the relative hydrogen isotope ion composition of the plasma and radial transport of ions of one isotope across the plasma of another isotope species. The main elements of the ISEP are (a) use of a thin carbon foil for reionization of the incident atoms, thereby eliminating gas stripping cells and gas sources of conventional neutral particle analyzers (NPAs), (b) acceleration of secondary ions in order to access the regime of higher detection efficiency of the NPA and to better separate ion pulses from neutron/γ-ray induced pulses in scintillator detectors, (c) E‖B dispersion of the secondary ions in specially designed nonuniform magnetic and electric fields to provide focusing in the detector plane, increased throughput and greater contrast between neighboring isotopes, and (d) counting of energy and mass analyzed secondary ions using detectors consisting of thin [1⩽t (μm)⩽7] CsI(Tl) scintillators deposited directly on miniature thin window photomultiplier tubes mounted in vacuum. The ISEP has high contrast between atoms of neighboring masses (⩾103 for E≈5 keV and much greater at higher energies), and high detection efficiency (0.06⩽ε⩽0.83 for atoms of 5⩽ (keV)⩽150. ISEP detectors have very low sensitivity to neutrons and γ rays (⩽10−7 of ion sensitivity), making it feasible to use the ISEP in JET DT experiments without any shielding. Only a modest amount of neutron/γ-ray shielding would be required in the ITER for similar applications of the ISEP. The initial experiments on JET plasmas using the ISEP demonstrate well the capabilities of the instrument for measurement of the hydrogen isotope composition of the plasma and the energy distribution function of isotope ions.

Particle reflection coefficients for scattering of hydrogen and deuterium atoms from amorphous beryllium, carbon and tungsten were obtained, which are of interest for thermonuclear reactor physics. For the case of deuterium scattering from tungsten the data were also calculated for polycrystalline and crystalline target. The calculations were carried out by two methods: by modeling the trajectories of the incident particles and by using the binary collision approximation. Interaction potentials between hydrogen and helium atoms and the selected materials were calculated in the scope of the density function theory using program DMol for choosing wave functions. The dependence of the reflection coefficient RN on the potential well depth was found. The results demonstrate a good agreement with the available experimental values.

No abstract

Beryllium fluxes into the ITER tokamak plasma due to sputtering of the first wall by D and T atoms leaving the plasma were estimated. The energy spectra of deuterium and tritium atoms leaving the plasma were modeled using the DOUBLE-MC code. The flux of beryllium atoms entering the plasma was estimated to be 6.5 × 10 17 atoms s −1 m −2 . Azimuthal anisotropy of the fluxes of atoms leaving the plasma was taken into account, which increased the estimate of the beryllium flux by 15% compared to that in the isotropic case. With the typical ITER plasma confinement times of 3-5 s, this means that the concentration of beryllium impurities can be 2.5%-4.2% of the mean ion plasma density. Such a high content of beryllium ions in the region close to the separatrix can lead to significant sputtering of the divertor with multiply charged beryllium ions. The proposed model allows estimation of the flux of sputtered tungsten atoms into the near divertor plasma. By varying the density of the gas-plasma target and the electron temperature on the separatrix, one can reduce the tungsten impurities influx into the plasma.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract