Genomic DNA was extracted from mouthwash samples and vitamin D receptor genotypes were determined with the established methods. The peak torque of the dominant limb in concentric and eccentric knee extensors and flexors and elbow extensors and flexors was measured using Cybex-Norm-770 isokinetic dynamometer at slow and fast velocities. The distribution frequency of vitamin D receptor gene alleles was analyzed by chi-square test. The difference in muscular strength between VDR genotype groups was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The ApaI, BsmI and TaqI alleles and genotype frequencies appeared to be in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Subjects with the vitamin D receptor ApaI null (A allele) mutation (AA) exhibited significantly lower knee and elbow concentric or eccentric peak torque than those with aa homozygous or Aa heterozygous. The BB & Bb group showed significantly higher peak torque in concentric knee flexors than bb group. No association was found between vitamin D receptor gene TaqI and muscular strength. The data indicated that vitamin D receptor gene ApaI and BsmI polymorphisms rather than TaqI polymorphism might be associated with muscular strength.
Summary We used RNAase protection and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays to detect activating mutations of c-src in a spectrum of human tumours. No mutations were detected at codons 98, 381, 444, and 530. We conclude that mutational activation is not the mechanism of enhancement of pp60C.srcspecific kinase activity found in a number of human cancer types.The src proto-oncogene (c-src) is the cellular homologue of the transforming gene of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Both genes encode Mr 60,000 phosphoproteins (pp6O) which are membrane bound and have tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity (Collett & Erikson, 1978; Hunter & Sefton, 1980;Levinson et al., 1980). Comparison of the sequence of v-src from a number of RSV strains, with the cellular c-src gene, has shown that the transforming proteins contain a number of common amino acid substitutions as well as deletions of the terminal nineteen amino acids (summarised in Hunter, 1987). Demonstration that a single point mutation is capable of activating the oncogenic properties of pp60C-src has been obtained from in vitro mutagenesis studies and analysis of c-src transformation-competent mutants (Kmiecik & Shalloway, 1987; Piwnica-Worms et al., 1987;Cartwright et al., 1987;Levy et al., 1986). There is considerable evidence that TYR 527 is a negative regulator of kinase activity of pp6Oc-src and its deletion in v-src contributes to the elevated kinase activity of the viral protein. Substitution of TYR 527 with amino acid residues which cannot be phosphorylated also enhances the specific kinase activity of the molecule and activates its transforming properties. Additional single point mutations which activate the transforming ability of chicken pp60csrc include amino acid substitutions in the kinase domain (THR 338, GLU 378, ILE 441) and mutations in the amino terminus modulation domain, particularly at ARG 95. All of the activating mutations of pp60csrc result in an increase in the specific kinase activity of the molecule (Hunter, 1987). pp60c-src tyrosyl kinase activity has been shown to be elevated in a number of human cancers including colon cancer, neuroblastoma, breast cancer and sarcomas (Jacobs & Rubsamen, 1983;Bolen et al., 1985;Barnekow et al., 1987;Bolen et al., 1987;Cartwright et al., 1989 (Gibbs et al., 1985) encoding amino acids 452-532 (Figure 1, probe D). To test the ability of the RNAase protection assay to detect single base mismatches at codon 530, we constructed a T to A mutation at the second base of that codon using oligonucleotide-directed in vitro mutagenesis (Kunkel, 1985) and cloned the mutated fragment into a SP65-based vector. Using in vitro transcription we generated sense strand RNA which was hybridised to a radioisotopically-labelled anti-sense RNA probe. The hybrid was then subjected to the RNAase cleavage assay (described in Figure 2). After hybridisation to the mutated RNA and digestion with RNAase, the 317 nucleotide probe was cleaved into the predicted fragments of 282 and 35 nucleotides, indicating that the co...
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