We have examined the properties of six heat and moisture exchange filters (HMEF) to ascertain their resistance to liquid flow and their ability to retain a challenge bacterium, Pseudomonas diminuta, from aqueous and nebulized suspensions. Only one HMEF, the Pall Ultipor was able to withstand a significantly greater pressure of liquid than that found in clinical practice. However, when breached, the HMEF were unable to prevent transmission of micro-organisms from aqueous suspension. Only the Darex Hydrobac filter failed to meet the manufacturer's claim for filter efficiency for nebulized bacteria, mainly because the filter housing failed under test. When the reduction in bacterial cells after passage of the nebulized Pseudomonas diminuta through the HMEFs was analysed statistically, the data showed that the HMEF produced by Pall (Ultipor) and Intersurgical (Filter therm) were superior to those produced by DAR Mediplan (Hygrobac), Intertech (HME 225-2835-800) and Gibeck (Humid-vent).
The results of isotropic and anisotropic consolidated-undrained shear tests (CIU, CK0, U) are used to determine the critical-state pore pressure parameter (Λo). The relative advantages of using the critical-state parameter (Λo) over Skempton's pore pressure parameter (A) and Henkel's parameter (a) are discussed. The effects of over-consolidation ratio (OCR) and initial stress state (K0) on both Henkel's and Skempton's pore pressure parameters can significantly alter effective stress predictions of undrained strength. The critical-state parameter is independent of OCR, K0, and level of shear to failure, thus requiring only two basic soil constants in order to predict undrained strength: (1) the effective stress friction angle (φ'), and (2) the critical-state pore pressure parameter (Λo). An “extended” critical-state model is developed using the equivalent pressure concept for overconsolidated states. The method then provides a simple analytical representation of undrained stress-strain behavior and pore pressure response for clays with different values of OCR. One additional soil constant (Cc: the virgin compression index) is required in order to model stress-strain behavior. The validity of the critical-state theory is substantiated by data from over ninety different clay and silt soils reported in the geotechnical literature. Furthermore, the critical-state concepts are shown to encompass both total stress and effective stress methods under one unified theory.
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