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Patterns of copepod -appendicularian distribution were studied along the Mangalore coastal waters (12°50'49" N; 74°48'50" E) of the Arabian Sea to understand the food and feeding relationship existing among these groups. Sampling was conducted during premonsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon extending from January 2009 to December 2010. The copepod and appendicularian community was sampled with a 60 µm net to include the smallest species and their developmental stages. Copepod biomass, especially calanoids, was substantially high throughout the study. Seasonal mean results showed that the small-sized copepods (calanoids, harpacticoida and cyclopoids) dominated in terms of biomass and production. Calanoids found in abundance included Acartia, Centropages, Calanus, Eucalanus and Labidocera. Cyclopoid and Harpacticoid copepods genera dominated included Oithona, Oncaea and Microsetella, Macrosetella. Appendicularian species diversity was represented by Oikopleura fusiformis, O. dioica and its juveniles represented as Oikopleura sp. Total chlorophyll (chlorophyll a) ranging between 10 and 20 mg m -3 indicated the eutrophic state as well as productivity prevailing during the study period. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated the routine and opportunistic seasonal grazers and establishes a phytoplankton -appendicularia -copepod -fish food chain relationship along Mangalore coast.

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In the current study an experimental investigation was carried out with cottonseed oil ester and mineral turpentine oil blend as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine. This study gives the comparative characteristics of performance and emission for the fuel blends and compared with diesel at various injector opening pressures of 190 bar, 210 bar and 230 bar. The experiment was conducted on 5.2 kW single cylinder Compression Ignition engine. Fuel blends in various ratios has been tested. The Turpentine oil was first blended with 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of cottonseed oil ester to improve the performance of pure turpentine oil as fuel. It was found that the blend T80 which contains 80 % turpentine and 20 % cottonseed oil ester at 210 Bar gives the optimum brake thermal efficiency among all the blends.