Benzene adsorption on a single-domain Si(001)-(2×1) surface has been studied by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TPD) and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARUPS) using linearly polarized synchrotron radiation. Angle-resolved photoemission spectra for the saturated benzene layer exhibit well-defined polarization and azimuthal dependencies compatible with a flat-lying benzene molecule with local C2v symmetry. Based on these results two structure models are proposed. First-principles density functional cluster calculations have been performed for each of these structures. Total energy minimization and a detailed comparison of the experimental ARUPS spectra with the one-particle spectra of the model clusters leads to a 1,4-cyclohexadienelike adsorption complex with a flat-lying benzene molecule which is di-σ bonded to the two dangling bonds of a single Si–Si surface dimer. Especially, one of the unoccupied 1e2u (π*) orbitals of the free benzene molecule shifts down (by about 3 eV) and evolves into the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the chemisorbed molecule.
Abstract. Bug finding tools can find defects in software source code using an automated static analysis. This automation may be able to reduce the time spent for other testing and review activities. For this we need to have a clear understanding of how the defects found by bug finding tools relate to the defects found by other techniques. This paper describes a case study using several projects mainly from an industrial environment that were used to analyse the interrelationships. The main finding is that the bug finding tools predominantly find different defects than testing but a subset of defects found by reviews. However, the types that can be detected are analysed more thoroughly. Therefore, a combination is most advisable if the high number of false positives of the tools can be tolerated.
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