Posterior fossa lesions are rare. Introduction of high resolution ultrasound with 3D reconstruction and endovaginal evaluation of fetal brain through the fontanelle helps in better understanding of neuroanatomy. MRI is often used as an additional tool for evaluation in addition to ultrasound studies. Major components of posterior fossa such as cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, fourth ventricle, cisterna magna, and their normal variants and abnormalities can be demystified by ultrasound studies. Morphometry of these structures helps in the diagnoses of these abnormalities.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is the commonest among all forms of Lymphomas. It may manifest with nodal and extranodal involvement. Salivary glands, waldeyer's ring, paranasal sinuses are the common sites of extranodal involvement in the head and neck region. Gingiva, buccal mucosa and palate are the intraoral sites of extranodal involvement. Oral manifestations include painful and mobile teeth, gingival or mucosal swellings which may mimic odontogenic pathologies. Intraoral and orbital presentation of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is a sign of aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. Lymphomas have a possibility of relatively early diagnosis with systematic examination of oral tissues and the head and neck region, and timely histopathological and radiological investigations.
AIM:The purpose of this work is to establish the role of Three Dimensional ultrasound in improving the diagnostic ability in cervical pregnancy and also to differentiate it from other cervical pathologies with increased confidence levels. METHODS: In our unit we came across three cases of cervical ectopic pregnancies which were evaluated by 2D, Colour Doppler and 3Dimensional ultrasound. Other common cervical pathologies were also evaluated with the same protocol. RESULT: In our study three cases of cervical pregnancies were assessed with 3 Dimensional ultrasound along with conventional 2 Dimensional and colour Doppler, 3Dimensional assessment has given a definitive diagnosis in all the cases and it also helped in confidently differentiating other cervical pathologies which mimic cervical ectopic pregnancy. We demonstrated a crater in the ballooned cervix which is considered pathognomonic of cervical pregnancy. We call this as a "Crater Sign". CONCLUSION: We consider 3D demonstration of cervical pregnancy was confirmative and is useful in differentiating other cervical pathologies.
ABSTRACT:The female factors responsible for infertility are ovulation disorders (25%), tubal disease (15%-35%) and endometriosis (10%) and the male factors contribute to infertility in approximately 25% of cases. Causes are unknown in a further 15% to 25% of the remaining cases. 1,2 Laparoscopic chromo perturbation (LCP) is one of the investigations available to evaluate various tubal factors responsible for female infertility. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is useful in assessing the tubal pathology. Both these modalities are effective and have their own benefits and limitations. Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) is an effective alternative imaging modality providing a comprehensive approach to the investigations for female fertility. HyCoSy is performed as an out-patient procedure and is devoid of radiation exposure, anaphylaxis and anaesthesia. It provides information regarding uterine cavity, uterine abnormalities, tubal patency, ovaries and the pelvic cavity. In this paper, we have evaluated the efficacy of HyCoSy in comparison to laparoscopic dye perturbation, which is a gold standard in fertility workup. This prospective study has been taken up to establish this non-invasive, readily available, inexpensive, out-patient HyCoSy investigation to replace the invasive, sparsely available, expensive, operative LCP. This comprehensive approach is extremely essential in the management of infertile women in India. KEYWORDS: Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy), laparoscopic chromo perturbation (LCP), female fertility, Contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). INTRODUCTION:Epidemiological studies indicate that 8 to 20% of couples in the reproductive age group are infertile Main causes of infertility are male factor, ovulatory and tubal disorders. The tubal disorder accounts to 35% of infertile women and is the most frequent female factor. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopy and dye test have been used to assess tubal function.Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy) is an effective alternate imaging technique. HyCoSy is done by instilling ultrasound contrast media into the uterine cavity, using an8F Foley's catheter inserted in the uterine cavity through the cervical os .Real time imaging of tubes is done by trans-vaginal ultrasoundThe main purpose of this study is to establish HyCoSy as an effective method on its own, in evaluation of female fertility, which gives us comprehensive information regarding various female factors that are essential in evaluating women with infertility in Indian Scenario. The technique provides clinically valuable information regarding tubal patency, ovarian and uterine abnormalities. 3
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