The micronuclei assay (MA) in exfoliated buccal cells is an innovative genotoxicity technique, which holds promise for the study of epithelial carcinogens. Micronuclei are suitable internal dosimeters for revealing tissue-specific genotoxic damage in individuals exposed to carcinogenic mixtures. This article reviews the MN assay with respect to oral buccal mucosa, which has been used since the 1980s to demonstrate cytogenetic effects of environmental and occupational exposures, lifestyle factors, dietary deficiencies, and different diseases along with the characteristics of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities.

Aim:Reactive lesions of the oral cavity are associated with injuries of soft tissue and have high prevalence rates and different involvement patterns in different parts of the world. This study reviews the pathogenesis and analyzes demographic data, histopathological features and compares the clinico-pathologic profiles of the diseases to those previously reported.Materials and Methods:Patient records of the Department of Oral Pathology during one and half year period were reviewed for diagnosis of oral connective tissue reactive hyperplastic lesion. Data including the area involved and the type of lesion were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and ANOVA test.Results:100 cases (mean age 36 years, male:female ratio 1:2) matched study criterion. The most common affected site was mandibular anterior region and buccal mucosa and the most common lesion was pyogenic granuloma and focal fibrous hyperplasia. All the lesions were more common in the mandible than in the maxilla. PGCG was seen to be equally distributed in males and females.Conclusion:Reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral connective tissue are more common in females and the majority of the lesions occur in gingiva. This study supports previous assertions that PG and FFH may occur on any oral mucosal site with special preference for the mandibular anterior gingiva and buccal mucosa while PGCG and POF occur exclusively on the mandibular gingiva.

The standard advancement genioplasty procedure by inferior osteotomy of the chin with broadest musculo-periosteal pedicle with rigid internal fixation was followed. The soft tissue response is almost equal to the bony movement. The stability of the hard tissues is good with minimum amount of resorption so as to achieve more predictable results.

Conventional tissue fixation and processing is as old as 100 years and still remains the gold standard against which all new technologies and methods need to be assessed. Tissue processing is one of the important steps for obtaining good thin sections without artifacts. Though conventional tissue-processing methods are most commonly followed, they are well-known as very laborious and tedious procedures. Microwaves a form of electromagnetic wave-induced heat, when applied in histotechnology, reproducibly yields histolologic material of similar or superior quality to that provided by conventional processing methods, making it more popular in the recent years. A laboratory microwave offers features like maximum output of 2000-3000 watts, an in-built source of adjustable temperature probe, facility for ventilation of hazardous fumes, but is expensive. Considering the usefulness of microwave in histotechnology, i.e., reducing the time required for the diagnosis, replacing the conventional equipments of laboratories by microwave-guided ones is a remarkable and an acceptable change.

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Plexiform ameloblastoma is one of the variant of ameloblastoma, with specific histopathological features. It manifests as unilocular or multilocular radiolucencies in the mandible or maxilla. In very rare cases, it can appear as a localized periradicular radiolucent area and imitate an endodontic lesion. Reported here is a rare case of plexiform ameloblastoma in an uncommon location, which was misdiagnosed as periapical lesion of inflammatory origin and treated endodontically. Surgical enucleation was followed and diagnosis of plexiform ameloblastoma was confirmed on histological grounds.

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Attempts of establishing vaccines against cancers are in process of becoming authentic in future due to its successful clinical trials. But, there are problems in assessing the prognosis of the diseases due to the weakness and specificity of tumor associated antigens in stimulating an effective immune response. A surplus combination of immunotherapeutic cancer strategies and appropriate checkpoint inhibitors, becomes a promising area for successful cancer disease control. This article summarizes the understanding of tumor antigens (specific or associated) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, which allow some space with a positive and hopeful view of the future.