Tuticorin corporation stretches geographically from 8°43 0-8°51 0 N latitude and 78°5 0-78°10 0 E longitude, positioned in the East-West International sea routes on the SouthEast coast of India. The rapid urban developments in the past two decades of Tuticorin have caused depletion of groundwater quantity, and deterioration of quality through excessive consumption and influx of pollutants from natural and anthropogenic activities. The water samples collected in the field were analyzed for electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, major cations like calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and anions SUCH AS bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, nitrate and sulfate, in the laboratory using the standard methods given by the American Public Health Association. In order to assess the groundwater quality, 36 groundwater samples had been collected in year 2011. The geographic information system-based spatial distribution map of different major elements has been prepared using ArcGIS 9.2. The Piper plot shows that most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of Ca 2?-Mg 2?-Cl-SO 4 2and Na ?-K ?-Cl-HCO 3 by projecting the position on the plots in the triangular field. The cation concentration indicate that 83, 39 and 22 % of the K ? , Na ? , Ca 2? concentrations exceed the WHO limit. As per Wilcox's diagram and US Salinity laboratory classification, most of the groundwater samples are not suitable for irrigation due to the presence of high salinity and medium sodium hazard. Irrigation waters classified based on sodium absorption ratio, have revealed that 52 % groundwater are in general safe for irrigation, which needs treatment before use. permeability index also indicates that the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purpose.
We formerly reported the existence of a hormone, derived from neurosecretory brain cells of fly larvae, which accelerates puparium formation (pnpariation) in
Geochemical signatures of groundwater in the coastal aquifers of Kadaladi block of Ramanathapuram District, Tamilnadu, India were used to identify the chemical processes that control hydrochemistry. The parameters such as pH, EC, TDS and major ion concentrations Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO 3 , SO 4 , PO 4 and NO 3 of the groundwater were analyzed. Abundances of these ions are in the following order Na [ Ca [ Mg [ K and Cl [ HCO 3 [ SO 4 [ NO 3 [ PO 4 . Na-Cl is the dominant hydrochemical facies of the study area. Interpretation of the hydrochemical data suggests that hydrochemistry of the study area is controlled by mixing of fresh water with relict saline water, ion-exchange processes, silicate weathering and evaporation are responsible for the groundwater chemistry of the study area. Above statement is further supported by Gibbs plot where most of the samples fall within the evaporation zone. Good quality groundwater is restricted to coastal sand dunes running parallel to the coast and it is important to conserve these dunes.
The differentiation of serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HTi) neurons in the optic lobes of fleshflies was studied during in situ development and in in vivo cultures. All 5-HTi neurons with cell bodies in the imaginal optic lobes differentiate during postembryonic (pupal) development. These are local anaxonal neurons. In addition there are two large 5-HTi bilateral neurons that connect all optic lobe neuropil regions on both sides of the brain and have their cell bodies in the midbrain proper.Deafferentation of optic lobes cultured in vivo leads to drastic reduction in optic lobe volume and increased cell death. All the 5-HTi neurons differentiate after deafferentation but their morphology changes. The neuropil receiving the photoreceptor inputs, the lamina, degenerates but a disorganized "pseudolamina" is formed by the processes of the two large 5-HTi neurons. The layering of the optic lobe neuropils cannot be distinguished and 5-HTi processes form novel projectional patterns. Hence, the 5-HTi neurons do not require afferent inputs from the retina for their differentiation and survival, but the effect on other optic lobe interneurons is reflected in the morphological plasticity of the 5-HTi neurons.
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