Age-related changes of jaws and soft tissue profile are important both for orthodontists and general dentists. Mouth profile is the area which is manipulated during dental treatment. These changes should be planned in accordance with other components of facial profile to achieve ultimate aim of structural balance, functional efficacy, and esthetic harmony. Through this paper, the authors wish to discuss age changes of the hard and soft tissues of human face which would help not only the orthodontists but also oral surgeons, prosthodontists, pedodontists, and general dentists.

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Background Orthodontic bonding and debonding procedures involve risk of damaging the enamel surface and changing its original morphology. The rough surface inhibits proper cleaning, invites plaque deposition, bacterial retention, and stain formation thus dampening the esthetic appearance of the teeth. Restoring the enamel to its original morphology is a challenge. Researches on better adhesive removal methods which can effectively remove the residual resin and restore it best to its original form are continuing till date. No study has compared four contemporary finishing systems for their efficiency on a single platform. Aim The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare enamel surface roughness after debonding using four different finishing and polishing systems. Material and methods Adhesive resin was removed from the buccal surface of 88 premolars after debonding with 4 groups. It included 22 teeth per group: group 1—One gloss system; group 2—Enhance finishing and polishing system; group 3—fiber reinforced stainbuster bur; and group 4—Soflex discs with wheels. Roughness was measured quantitatively and qualitatively with the help of surface roughness tester and scanning electron Microscope (SEM) respectively. Results No significant difference was found in baseline roughness in four groups. Highest post-polishing roughness was observed in Soflex group (4.62 μm) followed by One gloss system (3.36 μm), Enhance system (3.17 μm), and stainbuster bur (1.99 μm) ( p value < 0.01). Conclusion Stainbuster bur created the smoothest enamel surface that was close to the natural enamel followed by Enhance system, One gloss system, and Soflex disc and wheels.

.[1] The discovery of hydrocarbon lakes in the polar regions of Titan offers a unique opportunity to compare terrestrial lakes with those in an extraterrestrial setting. We selected 114 terrestrial lakes formed by different processes as analogs for comparison with the 190 Titanian lakes that we had mapped in our previous study. Using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) C-band backscatter data and the SRTM Water Body Data (SWBD), we carried out an assessment of manual mapping versus existing automated mapping techniques, and found the automated techniques to produce as good representations of the lake shorelines as the manual mapping in the terrestrial dataset. We then calculated and compared terrestrial and Titanian shoreline statistical parameters including fractal dimension, shoreline development index and an elongation index. We found different lake generation mechanisms on Earth produce "statistically different" shorelines. However, we cannot identify any one mechanism or set of mechanisms to be responsible for forming the depressions enclosing the lakes on Titan, on the basis of our statistical analyses.

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Sherman Island, the westernmost island in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California, plays a crucial role in maintaining the water flux between saline ocean water from the San Francisco Bay to its west and the rest of the Delta to its east. Land elevation below mean sea level and continuous subsidence over the past century has made this island a high priority area for investigations of subsidence and restoration in the Delta. This study reports the results of successful application of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data and technique to measure subsidence in the Delta, which is a coherence-challenged non-urban area. We carried out a time-series interferometric analysis of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) L-band (23.8 cm) data, collected from July 2009-August 2014, to assess both the spatial and temporal variation of subsidence on Sherman Island. We report both large-scale (island-wide) subsidence trends and small-scale (levee/farm scale) subsidence features in Sherman Island. Assuming the subsidence is linear during the five years of UAVSAR data acquisition, subsidence rates across the island range from 0-5 cm/yr, with an average of 1.3 + 0.2 cm/yr. We estimate our systematic uncertainty to be 0.3 cm/yr. Overall, the central region in the island has subsided at a faster rate than the rest of the island. We find our results to be consistent with previous measurements of subsidence rates at electric transmission line towers scattered throughout the island. The results of this study provide insights into several factors influencing subsidence, including soil type, water table depth, land use, land elevation and the location and time of levee repairs. Subsidence monitoring on Sherman Island is essential for maintaining a reliable water supply for the state of California and for protecting the Delta ecosystem.

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