Single-stranded (ss)DNA viruses are extremely widespread, infect diverse hosts from all three domains of life and include important pathogens. Most ssDNA viruses possess small genomes that replicate by the rolling-circlelike mechanism initiated by a distinct virus-encoded endonuclease. High throughput genome sequencing and improved bioinformatics tools have yielded vast information on presence of ssDNA viruses in diverse habitats. The simple genome of ssDNA viruses have high propensity to undergo mutation and recombination often emerging as threat to human civilization. Interestingly their genome is found embedded in fossils dating back to million years. The unusual evolutionary history of ssDNA viruses reveal evidences of horizontal gene transfer, sometimes between different species and genera.
Plant growth promoting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BaTNAU5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf3TNAU were evaluated in turmeric for induction defence by differential expression of defence enzymes against Colletotrichum capsici. Further the activity and quantitative assay of the defense enzymes peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), β‑1,3-glucanase, chitinase, catalase and defense-inducing chemicals (total phenols) significantly increased with soil and foliar application of B. amyloliquefaciens (BaTNAU5) and P. fluorescens (Pf3TNAU). Western blot analysis of protein extracts from B. amyloliquefaciens (BaTNAU5) and P. fluorescens (Pf3TNAU) challenged with C. capsici, a chitinase with an apparent molecular weight of 28 kDa was induced four days after treatment.
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