Diseases caused by helminth parasites in livestock continue to be a major productivity constraint, especially in small ruminants in the tropics and subtropics. Infections by paramphistomes are one of the most common and economically important diseases of grazing livestock. Anthelmintic resistance to chemotherapeutics is widespread and a serious threat to effective control of helminth infections. Therefore, phytomedicine with anti-parasitic properties offer an effective alternative. The present study was conducted to assess the anthelmintic effect of the aqueous extract of pods of Acacia concinna (AcPE) at various concentrations (5, 10 and 20 mg ml(1 ) against paramphistome infection in sheep. Eggs per gram (EPG) count and haemobiochemical parameters of sheep treated with A. concinna were investigated. In AcPE-treated sheep, the egg counts reduced significantly on day 7 post-treatment and continued to decrease further, till the end of the experimental period, i.e. day 21 posttreatment. The degree of reduction in EPG counts following oral administration with AcPE was proportional to dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.41%) was observed on day 21 after treatment with 20 mg ml(1 extract. The haematological and biochemical profiles of paramphistome-infected sheep revealed anaemia and hypoproteinemia. Restoration of normal haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after treatment with AcPE.
The objective of the study was to reduce the dental plaque formation by the inhibitory effect of the extracts taken from Psidium guajava and eggshell against the pathogens present in the plaque. 10 plaque samples were collected and bacterial colony was isolated by using different media (Blood agar media, Nutrient media, and nutrient broth). The Streptococcus mutans have been the major dental plaque pathogen confirmed by 16srRNA sequencing. The inhibition of the Streptococcus mutans (HS SRM) by Psidium guajava and egg shell is proved by antibacterial activity test by antibiotic sensitivity test. Further, GC-MS determined the components of P.guajava which contains Tetrakis (2, 3-Ditert-Butylphenyl), 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22-Tetracosahexane, 1, 2-Benzendicarboxylic acid. Egg shell contains Oleic acid, Propyl ester, Squalene, 1, 2-Benzendicarboxylic acid, Pentadecanol. From this current research it has been proven that the Psidium guajava and egg shell is the effective curative agent against dental plaque by inhibiting Streptococcus mutans.
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