SurJace-initiated fatigue and wear caused by contamination is one of the major causes for bearing failures in aerospace applications.This paper outlines a method to precisely define cleanliness wilh the help of the cleanliness factor s and the contamination faclor V . Particle sires and filtration ratios are deJined and allocated to certain V factors. These factors can then be atered into a proposed bearing lye calculalion method to quantity the eflect of system cleanliness/ contamination on the attainable bearing lijii. A procedure to improve system cleanliness is described (pre-cleaning concept) so that contamination related damage can be eliminated.
Reliability is one of the most important competitive factors in aeroengines. Engine manufacturers have to provide guarantees for maintenance cost and dispatch reliability. Failures of mainshaft and gearbox bearings can represent a major debit to overall engine reliability. Duplex hardening (conventional hardening followed by special nitriding) has the potential to provide the bearing performance improvements necessary to yield increased engine reliability and reduced cost of ownership. The bearing rig tests performed demonstrate superior performance of duplex hardened M50 and M50NiL bearings over conventional M50 and M50NiL bearings under various operating conditions. Rig tests evaluating a wide range of operating conditions, such as high load, low or boundary lubrication, heavily contaminated lubrication, and oil off were performed. Additional tests were completed to evaluate the spall propagation behavior of duplex hardened bearings in comparison to conventional steel bearings. The results showed that the main benefits of using duplex hardened bearings arise in low or boundary lubrication conditions and contaminated lubrication conditions. The spall propagation tests showed that spall propagation rates are slower for duplex hardened M50 and M50NiL bearing components, hence allowing more time until catastrophic bearing failure in an aeroengine and other applications.
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