Religion is a conduit for expressing spirituality. Since most mainstream religions condemn any form of homosexuality one would expect that gay men and lesbians would have little to do with spirituality. Experts, however, believe that gay and lesbian individuals would especially benefit from spiritual nourishment because of the oppression they face. Using an instrument that measures spiritual well-being, this study investigated the spirituality of 93 gay and lesbian individuals. The findings revealed that respondents espoused high levels of spiritual well-being: how one relates to God (religious well-being) and how one feels about life (existential well-being). Those who identified with a formal religion and who attended religious services frequently espoused higher religious well-being. Respondents with a diagnosis of depression, on the other hand, espoused lower existential well-being. Multiple regression analyses revealed that existential well-being was a significant predictor of adjustment: having high self-esteem, accepting one's homosexual orientation, and feeling less alienated. In contrast, religious well-being was not a significant predictor of any measure of adjustment. These findings point to the importance of the existential aspect of spirituality among gay and lesbian individuals in determining adjustment. They also suggest that being well-adjusted does not entail being reconciled with a traditional religion or with a theistic belief.
This article contrasts the demographics, familial relationships, vocational backgrounds, and personal experiences of homeless Hispanic adults with non-Hispanic adults living in the southwest border region of the United States. Using the “point in time” technique, data were collected from 280 homeless adults (198 Hispanics and 82 non-Hispanics) in El Paso, Texas, in 1998. The data revealed that the Hispanic and non-Hispanic groups differed regarding their gender composition, language spoken, religious affiliation, educational experiences, and domiciles. The probability of individuals from the two groups who were married, had children, had relatives in the area, and had a medical problem differed. Similarly, the ratios of individuals who were migrant workers, and who worked at jobs that required skills also differed. In addition, the Hispanic and non-Hispanic groups were distinguishable by their reasons for being homeless, what they considered the most important service provided by shelters, and what gave them hope during difficult times. By outlining the uniqueness of homeless Hispanics and contrasting them to their non-Hispanic counterparts, this study provides a better insight into the characteristics of homeless persons who live in the southwest border region of the United States.
Anecdotal reports of fertility in female mules (jack donkey × mare) and hinnies (stallion × jenny donkey) have appeared in the literature over the years, but scientists have generally regarded them with scepticism. The fact that some of these hybrids can come into estrous and ovulate makes fertility conceivable, given that opportunity for mating arises. In China, where mules are bred extensively for work on the farms, a fertile female mule and a fertile female hinny have now been verified by chromosomal investigation. Each had mated with a donkey and produced a filly foal. The foals show unique hybrid karyotypes different from the mule’s or hinny’s and different from each other’s. The studies make it clear that mule and hinny fertility, at least for the female hybrid, is a real possibility.
This study investigated the attitudes of baccalaureate social work students concerning older adults using the instrument constructed by Sanders, Montgomery, Pittman, and Balkwell (1984). That instrument assesses respondents' attitudes on 20 distinct characteristics of older women and men in three age categories, the young-old (65–74), the old-old (75–99), and centenarians (100+). Data were obtained from 204 students from an accredited undergraduate social work program in a major south Florida university in the spring semester of 1999. The data revealed that the majority of students (93.8%) had not taken any gerontology classes. Only 6.9% of respondents indicated that they were definitely planning to do their field practicum in a geriatric setting, and 4.0% indicated that they definitely intended to work with older adults. Overall student attitudes toward older adults were generally in the neutral range, however, those attitudes were more negative toward older age categories. Female student attitudes were more positive than male student attitudes. Older women were more positively regarded than their male counterparts. Students who indicated that they were close to older adults and who took gerontology classes had more positive attitudes. Future research and implications for social work education are discussed.
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