This work was carried out by cooperation between both authors as team work as follow.Author JYI designed the study, author POT performed the statistical analysis and wrote the protocol.
Keywords:Cocoa Coffee Phytochemical Proximate Ado Ekiti
The crude extracts obtained from two tropical moss species namely: Philonotis hastata (Duby) Wijk & Margad and Barbula lambaranensis C. Mull were analysed with a view to identifying the bioactive compounds present in them. The mosses were collected from their natural population and air dried at ambient temperature in the laboratory for fourteen days. The aqueous extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis using standard methods while the n- hexane extracts were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids (0.189mg/g), saponins (0.047mg/g) and flavonoids (22.35QE/g) in P. hastata while the alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids content in B. lambaranensis were 0.184mg/g, 0.037mg/g and 14.18QE/g respectively. Steroids and reducing sugars were also present in the two moss species. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 23 compounds in P. Hastate with 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- methyl ester, cis-Vaccenic acid, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and 1- Phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, tetradecahydro-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethlidene)-1,4a,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-, methyl ester forming the major components while in B. lambaranensis, 31 compounds were present from which Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, 13-Tetradecenal, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester formed the prominent components. Five compounds: Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid, Octadecanoic acid and 9-Octadecanoic acid methyl ester were commonly identified in the two moss species. The identified compounds are considered to be biologically and pharmacologically important. Further investigation on the identified bioactive compounds from the studied moss species will be beneficial to formulate novel drugs for the treatment and management ...
Matured leaves of Senna occidentalis (L.) were collected along the sides of busy roads of Oluku,Agbor and Sapele in Benin city, Nigeria where they were constantly exposed to air pollution from vehiculartraffic (polluted populations). Others were collected from forest areas of Ebvomodu, Ebvoneka and Eyaenvillages, each located within the distances of 50-60 km away from Benin city, where there was no sourceof vehicular air pollution(non-polluted populations). Peelings of the adaxial (upper) and the abaxial (lower)leaf epidermis were stained and microscopic examination and line drawings results showed that the leavesof the polluted populations suffered epidermal cell aberrations which ranged from plugged stomata,epidermal cell erosion and occasional leaf perforations caused by the corrosive activity of some of thepollutants as they undergo chemical reactions. These forms of damages were not observed in the non-pollutedpopulations which were healthy with opened stomatal pores. At the upper (adaxial) epidermis, the meanlengths (µm) of stomatal pores of leaves of non-polluted populations of collections were 0.64 ± 0.41,0.76 ± 0.84 and 0.74 ± 0.92, respectively and at the lower (abaxial) epidermis, the mean lengths were 0.61± 0.81, 1.40 ± 0.95 and 0.71 ± 0.81 from Ebvomodu, Ebvoneka and Eyaen, respectively. In the same vein,the mean width (µm) of pores of stomata of the non-polluted leaves collected from Ebvomodu, Ebvonekaand Eyaen were 1.14 ± 0.16, 0.32 ± 0.63 and 0.32 ± 0.11, respectively, at the upper (adaxial) epidermis.At the lower (abaxial) epidermis, the mean width (µm) of pores were 0.22 ± 0.25, 0.30 ± 0.51 and 0.39 ±0.16 for collections from Ebvomodu, Ebvoneka and Eyaen, respectively. The stomatal pores of leaves ofthe polluted populations on the other hand were impossible to be measured because they were pluggedby particulate air pollutants from the busy roads. It was opined that the leaves of the polluted populationswould suffer eco-physiological stress by virtue of their plugged stomatal pores.
Original Research Article This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of two digestion methods in determining heavy metal concentrations in a moss species. Samples of the moss Barbula lambaranensis were collected from seven major roadsides in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. In each location, three subsamples were collected and pooled to form a composite sample. Each was then divided into two parts. The moss samples were cleaned of extraneous material, oven dried at 50 0 C for 24 hrs and digested using two different digestion methods namely dry digestion and wet digestion to recommend the more efficient digestion method. Digested samples were analysed for six heavy metals namely iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that both digestion methods gave similar and comparable results. Total mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr and Pb in the moss samples were 2758.57, 3.06, 18.93, 1.78 and 0.58 respectively using dry digestion method while mean concentrations of Fe (3409.05), Ni (3.56), Cu (20.37), Cr (2.21) and Pb (0.61) were observed in the moss samples using wet digestion method. Cadmium was below detection limits in both cases. Statistical analyses revealed that there were no significant differences between the concentrations of the heavy metals obtained by both digestion methods. This indicates that both digestion methods are equally precise and reliable for the preparation of moss samples for heavy metal analysis.
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