Grahamstown Dam (capacity about 182,000 ML), Hunter Water’s largest dam, is a broad, relatively shallow, man-made, off-river storage that is primarily used to store water extracted from the Williams River. The Dam also receives runoff from its own small 73 km2 catchment area and direct rainfall on its 28 km2 surface area. The key components of the Grahamstown Dam supply scheme are Seaham Weir (limits the upstream movement of tidal saltwater), Balickera Canal and pumping station (transfer water from the Williams River to Grahamstown Dam), Campvale Pumping Station (pumps run off from the developing Medowie area located on the eastern margins of the Dam), George Schroder Pumping Station and delivery mains (delivers water from the Dam to water treatment plant), and Grahamstown Water Treatment Plant (WTP).
Results: The number of the referred cases was 28 in NT of 95 th -99 th centile (group 1;G1), 27 with NT of 3.5-4.4 mm (group 2;G2), 21 with NT of 4.5-5.4 mm (group 3;G3), and 66 for NT > = 5.5 mm (group 4;G4). Chromosomal anomalies were detected in 2 cases (Down syndrome) of G1, 2 cases (Down syndrome) of G2, 3 cases (2 Down syndromes, 1 trisomy 18) of G3, and in 21 cases (5 of Down syndrome, 10 of trisomy 18, 6 of Turner syndrome) of G4. In the normal karyotype fetuses the major cardiac defects were diagnosed prenatally and confirmed after birth in 2 cases of G3 and 5 cases of G4. Only 1 case of G4 developed bilateral hydronephrosis and thereafter hydrops in the third trimester. No structural abnormalities were detected in G1 and G2 fetuses with normal karyotype. Conclusions: The prevalence of chromosomal and cardiac anomalies increased with the thickness of NT. A detailed ultrasound examination, especially fetal echocardiography, should be offered even if the karyotyping proved normal. The long-term prognosis appeared normal if the fetus with thick NT had normal karyotype and no structural abnormalities.
This review is devoted to current and emerging techniques in gastrointestinal (GI) imaging. It is divided into three sections focusing on areas that are both interesting and challenging: imaging of the small bowel and appendix, imaging of the colon and rectum and finally liver and pancreas in the upper abdomen. The first section covers cross-sectional imaging of the small bowel using the techniques of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) (including CT enterography) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The evaluation of mesenteric ischemia and GI tract bleeding using MDCT angiography is also reviewed. Current imaging practice in the evaluation of appendix is also reviewed and illustrated. The second section reviews CT and MR colonography and imaging of the rectum. It describes CT virtual colonoscopy (CTVC) with emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of the technique with discussion of the role of CTVC in screening. The intriguing topic of MR colonography (MRC) is also reviewed. Imaging of the rectum with emphasis on imaging of rectal cancer is described with the roles of CT, MR, endoluminal ultrasound and positron emission tomography scanning discussed. The final section reviews current and emerging techniques in liver imaging with the role of ultrasound including contrast ultrasound, MDCT and MR (including contrast agents) discussed. The new developments and applications of imaging of pancreatic disease are discussed with emphasis on the role of MDCT and MRI with gadolinium. This review highlights the current role and advancement of imaging techniques with new diagnostic and prognostic information pertinent to gastrointestinal disease continuing to emerge.
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