Entomopathogenic fungi are known to produce a multitude of low molecular weight secondary metabolites involved in different biological processes including fungal development, intercellular communication and interaction with other organisms in complex niches. In the present investigation, heterogeneity in metabolome profile of three isolates of Beauveria bassiana viz., MH590235 (TM), MK918495 (BR) and KX263275 (BbI8) were analyzed through GC-MS. Distinct differences in metabolite profile of the isolates were observed. A total of 63 metabolites were detected from all the isolates combined. Metabolites, 5-Oxotetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid and undecane were found to be specific to BR isolate. Macrocyclic gamma lactones were detected in culture filtrates of BR and BbI8, oleic acid and hexadecanoic acid in TM and BR. An insecticidal compound, levoglucos an was detected in all the fungal isolates. Among the isolates, TM revealed higher variability in the metabolite production through PCA analysis. The metabolome of TM isolate contained compounds having several biological functions, viz., insecticidal and antimicrobial activity, lipid and fatty acid metabolisms and virulence enhancing factors.
Background: Respiratory diseases are very common in goats and cause severe economic loss to the rural poor farmers. Proper identification of the actual pathogen(s) responsible for the respiratory infections is critical for timely and proper management of those diseases. The present communication describes the spontaneous occurrence of concurrent Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia (CCPP) in a goat flock.Methods: An outbreak of respiratory disease in a goat flock consisting of 45 Tellicherry cross bred animals in varying age groups was investigated during the month of February 2019 in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu. Information of disease outbreak and flock details were collected. Samples from live (nasal, ocular and rectal swabs) and dead (lung, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes) were collected for detection of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp.capripneumoniae (MCCP) antigen by polymerase chain reaction. Tissues from heart, lung, liver, kidney, intestine, spleen and lymph node were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examination.Result: Out of 45 goats at risk, 23 showed clinical signs and 17 died of disease conditions with morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate of 51.11%, 37.77% and 73.91% respectively. PPR was confirmed by RT-PCR with M gene specific primers (191bp) and CCPP was confirmed by PCR with 16S rRNA gene fragment (316 bp). Affected animals showed clinical signs of pyrexia, anorexia, marked depression, mild erosions in the oral mucosa, nasal and ocular discharge, coughing and diarrhoea. Necropsy examination revealed congested oral mucosa, extensive pleuritis with large fibrin clots on lung surface and greyish pink consolidation of cranial lobes and anterior parts of diaphragmatic lobes. On section, consolidated areas were granular in appearance. Histopathology of lung revealed thickening of pleura, interlobular septa and alveolar wall by fibrin deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Pulmonary congestion, infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, syncytial cell formation with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions were also noticed. Visceral organs showed degenerative and necrotic changes.
Bio efficacy of virulent isolate of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (MK918495) was evaluated against two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae on tuberose under pot culture condition at Insectary, Department of Agricultural Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore. For effective working of any insect pathogen, it is mandatory to develop an effective formulation. Keeping this point in view, in the present study, compatibility of the fungal isolate with two different oils, viz., ground nut and sunflower were tested at different concentrations, viz., 1, 3, 5 and 10%. The results revealed that the groundnut oil was compatible with B. bassiana at all concentrations with respect to colony growth and spore yield compared to sunflower oil which was compatible only at one percent. Based on the results, oil in water and oil based formulations were prepared. At higher concentration of 10%, groundnut oil recorded the radial colony growth of 36.90 mm diameter and spore yield of 1.2 x 10 8 spores mL -1 . Among the seven formulations (A-G) tested, formulation D which contained surfactant mixture having HLB value of 10.00 (53.33% Tween 80 and 46.67% Span 80) formed a better suspension with less flocculation layer and dispersion of conidia in spray fluid and was found to be better as it formed a good emulsion with water by mere shaking. Results of pot culture studies revealed that groundnut oil based fungal formulation was effective with a cumulative mean mite population reduction of 64.98% followed by crude fungal spore suspension (62.16%) and both were statistically on par with each other. Standard chemical check, Fenazaquin 10% EC @ 1.5 mL L -1 recorded significantly highest population reduction of mites (77.20%).
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