In 2019-2020, in the experimental field of the Field Crops Institute, Chirpan a field experiment with durum wheat cultivar Predel (Triticum durum Desf.) was conducted. Three sowing dates were tested: Early sowing (05 – 10 October), Normal sowing (20-25 October – standard) and Late sowing (05-10 November). In early sowing, 2 retardants were studied: Cearon 480 SL – 1 l/ha and Medax top – 1 l/ha and 2 insecticides: Proteus 110 OD – 625 ml/ha and Mageos – 100 g/ha, as well as the mixtures between them. During late sowing, 2 stimulants were studied: Naturamin plus – 1.5 l/ha and Raiza mix – 750 ml/ha and 2 foliar liquid fertilizers: Mix for cereal SC – 1.5 l/ha and Trimax SC – 1.5 l/ha, as well as the mixtures between them. These preparations and fertilizers are applied after stage 3-4 leaves of durum wheat, in the so-called “Closure of crops”. In the case of early sowing variants, this stage occurs in autumn, and in the case of late sowing variants, the stage occurs in spring. In the early sowing of durum wheat, the leaf area, photosynthetic potential, biological and economic yield are the greatest in the combinations of retardants Cearon and Medax top with the insecticides Proteus and Mageos. In the late sowing of durum wheat, the leaf area, photosynthetic potential, biological and economic yield are the highest in the combinations of the stimulants Naturamin plus and Raiza mix with the leaf fertilizers Mix for cereals and Trimax. In these variants, the leaf area dies faster during the milk development stage. The net photosynthesis productivity in the combinations is lower than in the independent use of the respective preparations and fertilizers. The harvest index in the late and normal sowing variants is higher than in the early durum wheat sowing variants.
In the present work, the results of a survey of wheat crops in the area of the IASS "Obraztsov chiflik" -Ruse are presented. The study was carried out during the period 2018-2021, at the experimental field of the institute, according to accepted methods for weed infestation, species composition of the entomofauna and economically important wheat diseases.The aim of the study is to determine the species composition of weeds, diseases and insect pest in wheat crops under the relevant agro-climatic conditions.Weed species composition differed by year, with a total of 15 weed species from 10 families recorded. Veronica agrestis L., Lamium purpureum L., Anthemis arvensis L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Cirsium arvense L. are ubiquitous in surveyed crop.Insects belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Orthoptera were identified. The proportion of the orders to which the species belonged in the three years of the study differed in culture. The total number of insects detected during the three years of the test varied on average (CV=15.63%) -373 pcs. in 2019, 280 pcs. in 2020 and 372 pcs. in 2021.During the period, 3 fungal pathogens of the genera Puccinia, Erysiphe and Septoria were identified. The development of Puccinia and Erysiphe pathogens during the study period was within acceptable limits according to the SEV scale (from 10% to 25%). Massive development of the pathogen Septoria sp. was observed, with the affected plant area reaching up to 65%, according to the SEV scale.
The study was carried out during the period of 2019-2021 in the experimental field of the IASS "Obraztsov chiflik" -Ruse in a longterm stationary fertilizer trial with a 4-pole crop rotation, including interchange of corn, barley, beans and wheat, according to the scheme of Georges Ville in three replications located according Rümker. Fertilization options are the individual and combined application of the three macroelements -nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the non-fertilized control is used for comparison.The yields of the wintering malting barley variety "Ahat" grown in the conditions of permanent fertilizer experiment are affected by the weather conditions, and during the research period 2020 appears to be the most favorable for the development of the crop, due to the sufficient amount of evenly distributed precipitation and its combination with optimal average monthly temperatures during the growing season. In all years of testing, the variants with individual and combined application of nitrogen showed proven higher yields compared to the control. The long-term accumulation of phosphorus and potassium in the variants with their individual and combined applications has a depressing effect on the plants, and hence a negative impact on the yield. The quantitative and qualitative indicators of the grain are changed under the influence of fertilization, analogously to yields. The parameters mass per 1000 grains, germination and crude protein content were higher in the variants with nitrogen fertilization and decreased or close to the control in the other variants. Differences in hectoliter weight and grain uniformity are not statistically proven.
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